| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Design code | 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）工程設(shè)計(jì)任何方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或規(guī)范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等國(guó)家組織發(fā)布。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機(jī)殼一種機(jī)殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機(jī)器，如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。水通過夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Combined heat and power plant | 熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)電廠 |
(CHP plant, COGEN, cogeneration plant, total-energy plant) A plant for the simultaneous production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source, such as process heat and electric power. In the arrangement shown, partially expanded steam is extracted from the steam turbine and used to produce process heat. （CHP工廠、COGEN、熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)工廠、總能源工廠）從同一能源（如過程熱能和電力）同時(shí)生產(chǎn)一種以上有用能源的工廠。在所示的布置中，部分膨脹的蒸汽從蒸汽輪機(jī)中提取并用于產(chǎn)生過程熱量。 |
| Plug | 螺塞 |
1. An object, usually tapered, used to block a hole to prevent fluid from escaping or flowing. 2. The central moveable part of a valve. 3. In the flow of a yield-stress fluid through a pipe or duct, the central region is often assumed to take the form of a plug with uniform axial velocity. 4. In thermoforming, a shaping tool that forces a heated plastic sheet into a female mould. 1.一種物體，通常為錐形，用于堵塞孔以防止流體逸出或流動(dòng)。2.閥門的中心可移動(dòng)部分。3.在屈服應(yīng)力流體通過管道或管道的流動(dòng)中，中心區(qū)域通常假定為具有均勻軸向速度的塞子形式。4.在熱成型技術(shù)中，一種成型工具，將加熱的塑料板壓入陰模中。 |
| Combustible | 易燃 |
(inflammable) A term for substances that can be ignited and burned. （易燃）可點(diǎn)燃和燃燒的物質(zhì)的術(shù)語(yǔ)。 |
| Combined carbon | 復(fù)合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中除游離碳外的部分。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡膠硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 測(cè)量負(fù)載下壓痕深度的橡膠類材料的壓痕硬度。這是對(duì)彈性模量的測(cè)量，而不是對(duì)韌性材料的屈服應(yīng)力，因?yàn)樾遁d橡膠材料時(shí)幾乎沒有（如果有的話）永久壓痕。 |
| Compounding | 復(fù)合串聯(lián) |
In a steam engine (compound steam engine) or impulse turbine, the progressive reduction in pressure (expansion) across two or more stages in series. 在蒸汽機(jī)（復(fù)合蒸汽機(jī)）或脈沖渦輪機(jī)中，通過串聯(lián)的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)級(jí)逐漸降低壓力（膨脹）。 |
| Wind tunnel | 風(fēng)洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于測(cè)試和研究的可控氣流管道。類型包括排污、閉路、開路回路和開路段。閉路隧道可加壓或排空。工作段通常位于流量調(diào)節(jié)元件的下游，可包括增壓室、蜂窩、濾網(wǎng)、湍流格柵和收縮管。緊靠下游通常有一個(gè)擴(kuò)散器。對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)研究，通常的要求是在低渦流和湍流強(qiáng)度的工作段中實(shí)現(xiàn)均勻穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)。對(duì)于某些應(yīng)用，流動(dòng)可能是密度分層、剪切、不穩(wěn)定或高湍流強(qiáng)度。 |
| Serrations | 鋸齒 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 邊緣或表面上的一排凹口或齒狀突起。在工程圖紙上，圓形部件表面的鋸齒超過約60°的圓弧。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規(guī) |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測(cè)量螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道爾頓定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道爾頓附加壓力定律的擴(kuò)展，包括以下陳述：氣體混合物的內(nèi)能、焓和熵等于各個(gè)成分單獨(dú)存在時(shí)的內(nèi)能、焓和熵之和。相同的溫度和體積。吉布斯定律是與熵有關(guān)的定律的一部分。 |
| Hot working | 熱加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金屬通過軋制、拉拔、鍛造等在高于其再結(jié)晶溫度（在商業(yè)合金中高于其熔點(diǎn)的40%的開爾文）的溫度下發(fā)生塑性變形，導(dǎo)致永久的形狀變化，但不會(huì)增加強(qiáng)度或失去延展性。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服強(qiáng)度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body.? Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 該應(yīng)力水平將在物體中產(chǎn)生0.2%或0.5%的永久變形，或其他一些小的、預(yù)先選定的量。近似等于材料的彈性和比例極限；略高于螺栓的強(qiáng)度。材料表現(xiàn)出與應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變比例的特定偏差的應(yīng)力。許多金屬使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金屬元素和合金的原子、晶體學(xué)、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械和物理特性及其應(yīng)用。 |
| Coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶體形成的結(jié)晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基體晶格之間的連續(xù)性，通常伴隨著兩個(gè)晶格中的一些應(yīng)變。由于晶格適合于沉淀和基體之間的界面，因此不存在可識(shí)別的相邊界。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛應(yīng)力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)期間，初始應(yīng)力減去給定時(shí)間的剩余應(yīng)力。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb斷裂準(zhǔn)則 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一種斷裂準(zhǔn)則，主要適用于脆性材料，根據(jù)該準(zhǔn)則，當(dāng)材料中某一點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力落在單軸抗拉強(qiáng)度和單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度的莫爾圓所形成的包絡(luò)線之外時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Secant modulus | 割線模量 |
The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to any specified point on a stress-strain curve. Compare with chord modulus. 從原點(diǎn)到應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線上任何指定點(diǎn)的割線斜率。與弦模量進(jìn)行比較。 |
| Gear wheel | 齒輪 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齒輪，特別是用于傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力的共軛齒的齒輪。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸機(jī)器、機(jī)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)或裝置，測(cè)量其組成部分，并識(shí)別所用材料，以便在需要時(shí)可以生產(chǎn)出功能正常的復(fù)制品。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Initial strain | 初始應(yīng)變 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕變?cè)囼?yàn)中（蠕變發(fā)生之前）達(dá)到給定載荷條件后，試樣立即產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)變。有時(shí)稱為瞬時(shí)應(yīng)變。 |
| Critical diameter | 臨界直徑 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%馬氏體可完全硬化的棒材直徑。 |
| Stress equalizing | 應(yīng)力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一種低溫?zé)崽幚恚糜谄胶饫浼庸げ牧现械膽?yīng)力，而不會(huì)明顯降低冷加工產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風(fēng)或總?cè)肷涮?yáng)能）獲得的年度總能量。 |
| Blue brittleness | 藍(lán)色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 當(dāng)淬火鋼在250–350°C范圍內(nèi)回火（在部件表面產(chǎn)生藍(lán)色色調(diào)的溫度）時(shí)，延展性異常損失。某些鋼在加熱到約205至370°C（400至700°F）范圍內(nèi)的某個(gè)溫度后表現(xiàn)出脆性，特別是在高溫下加工鋼時(shí)。鎮(zhèn)靜鋼幾乎沒有這種脆性。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在車床上加工一個(gè)垂直于旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的平面。 |
| Spring temper | 彈簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點(diǎn)是抗拉強(qiáng)度和硬度約為全硬回火到超彈性回火的三分之二。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷卻 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以預(yù)定方式從升高的溫度冷卻，以避免硬化、開裂或內(nèi)部損壞，或產(chǎn)生所需的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或機(jī)械性能。 |
| Overaging | 過時(shí)效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在時(shí)間和溫度條件下的時(shí)效大于獲得某一特性最大變化所需的時(shí)間和溫度，從而使該特性沿初始值的方向發(fā)生變化。 |
| Proof strength? (Unit Pa) | 驗(yàn)證強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2?or Rp0.2?is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （驗(yàn)證應(yīng)力，Rp）在永久應(yīng)變的某個(gè)固定值下的屈服強(qiáng)度（偏移屈服強(qiáng)度），由偏離但平行于彈性加載線的線與工程應(yīng)力-工程應(yīng)變曲線的交點(diǎn)給出。偏移是任意的，但通常為0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久應(yīng)變（驗(yàn)證應(yīng)變）。用于沒有明確定義屈服點(diǎn)的材料。對(duì)于0.2%的驗(yàn)證應(yīng)力，采用符號(hào)Rp0.2。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 時(shí)間分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 將控制問題分解為具有相對(duì)較短和較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間常數(shù)的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Vapour | 蒸氣 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 溫度低于臨界點(diǎn)的物質(zhì)的類氣相。蒸汽可以通過增加壓力或降低溫度冷凝成液體或固體。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s2 for any unsupported body. 物體被拉向地球中心或其他天體的吸引力，行星或其他天體表面的引力。它的強(qiáng)度是通過產(chǎn)生的加速度來衡量的，對(duì)于任何無支撐的物體，地球的重力都會(huì)產(chǎn)生大約9.8m/s2的加速度。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Bioenergy | 生物能源 |
1. Energy derived from materials such as purpose-grown energy crops, including sugar cane, maize, wheat, and rice, as well as wood, straw, and animal waste, including sewage, manure, and animal litter. 2. A term sometimes used to cover biomass and biofuels together. 1.來自特定種植的能源作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、小麥和大米）以及木材、稻草和動(dòng)物糞便（包括污水、糞便和動(dòng)物垃圾）等材料的能源。2.有時(shí)用于同時(shí)涵蓋生物質(zhì)和生物燃料的術(shù)語(yǔ)。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽發(fā)電廠冷凝器上的低于大氣壓的壓力導(dǎo)致整體效率顯著提高。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具從零件中提取熱量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且僅限于表面積較大的較小零件。 |
| Grub screw | 平頭螺絲 |
A short headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screw driver or key. 一種短的無頭螺釘，一端有一個(gè)凹槽，用于安裝螺絲刀或鑰匙。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 熱力學(xué)循環(huán)的凈功與實(shí)際功之比。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 僅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Macrodeviation | 宏觀偏差 |
Errors from–irregular surface departures from the design profile, often caused by lack of accuracy or stiffness of the machine system. 不規(guī)則表面偏離設(shè)計(jì)輪廓的誤差，通常是由于機(jī)器系統(tǒng)缺乏準(zhǔn)確性或剛度造成的。 |
| Lead angle | 導(dǎo)角 |
The angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. It is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺紋或蝸桿螺紋的螺旋角。它是螺紋從垂直于螺釘軸線的平面的傾斜度的量度。 |
| Vibration isolation | 隔振 |
The prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. Isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. Mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). Vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of? cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振動(dòng)從系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)部件傳遞到同一系統(tǒng)的另一部分，如建筑物或其他結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢允褂米枘崞鳎p振）或主動(dòng)反饋控制方法實(shí)現(xiàn)隔離。機(jī)械振動(dòng)通常通過浸入油中的部件來衰減，例如緩沖罐（粘性阻尼）?？梢酝ㄟ^（a）使用調(diào)諧到特定頻率的阻尼器和吸收器來抑制結(jié)構(gòu)和其他系統(tǒng)中的振動(dòng)力（被動(dòng)抑制），或（b）通過測(cè)量結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)鍵位置的振動(dòng)并施加抵消力（主動(dòng)抑制），實(shí)現(xiàn)振動(dòng)抑制。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 鎖緊螺母管螺紋 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 鎖緊螺母管螺紋是最大直徑的直螺紋，可在管道上切割。其形式與美國(guó)或布里格斯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錐管螺紋相同。一般情況下，只需要通規(guī)。它們由一個(gè)表示最小內(nèi)螺紋鎖緊螺母螺紋的直螺紋塞和一個(gè)表示最大外螺紋鎖緊螺帽螺紋的直形螺紋環(huán)組成。該螺紋僅用于將零件固定在一起，或用于將軸環(huán)固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要緊密螺紋接頭的情況下。 |
| Preheating | 預(yù)熱 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在進(jìn)一步熱處理或機(jī)械處理之前加熱。對(duì)于工具鋼，在最終奧氏體化之前立即加熱至中間溫度。對(duì)于一些非鐵合金，在工作前長(zhǎng)時(shí)間加熱到高溫，以使結(jié)構(gòu)均勻化。在焊接和相關(guān)工藝中，在焊接、釬焊、釬焊、切割或熱噴涂之前，立即加熱到中間溫度。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應(yīng)力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規(guī)定的小永久變形的應(yīng)力。（2）施加在構(gòu)件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定應(yīng)力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Square thread | 方螺紋 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺紋的一種形式，螺紋的橫截面形成正方形，使螺紋的寬度等于螺紋之間的間距。 |
| Elongation | 伸張率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 機(jī)械測(cè)試中使用的術(shù)語(yǔ)，用于描述試樣在受力時(shí)的延伸量。 |
| V-block | V型塊 |
A block having a 90° V-shaped recess; used in a workshop to hold round workpieces. 具有90°V形凹槽的塊體；在車間里用來裝圓形工件。 |
| Accelerated testing | 加速測(cè)試 |
A type of testing, for rates of wear, fatigue, corrosion etc., in which failure times are reduced by employing greater loads, more frequent power cycling, higher vibration levels, higher humidity, higher temperatures, greater potential differences etc. than would be encountered in normal operation. 一種測(cè)試類型，用于測(cè)試磨損率、疲勞率、腐蝕率等，通過采用比正常運(yùn)行中更大的負(fù)載、更頻繁的功率循環(huán)、更高的振動(dòng)水平、更高濕度、更高溫度、更大的電位差等，減少故障時(shí)間。 |
| R-curve/Resistance curve | 阻力曲線 |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, a plot of crack-extension resistance as a function of stable crack extension, which is either the difference between the physical crack size, or the effective crack size, and the original crack size. R-curves normally depend on specimen thickness and, for some materials, on temperature and strain rate. An increase in fracture toughness with crack propagation shown by rising plots of toughness vs growing crack length. 在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中，作為穩(wěn)定裂紋擴(kuò)展函數(shù)的裂紋擴(kuò)展阻力圖，即物理裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸與原始裂紋尺寸之間的差值。R曲線通常取決于試樣厚度，對(duì)于某些材料，還取決于溫度和應(yīng)變率。是隨著裂紋擴(kuò)展，斷裂韌性增加，表現(xiàn)為韌性與擴(kuò)展裂紋長(zhǎng)度的上升曲線。 |
| Lobe | 凸輪 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 轉(zhuǎn)子凸角或凸輪凸角等突出部分。 |
| Torque motor | 力矩電機(jī) |
A type of induction motor that can apply a steady torque even when prevented from rotating. 一種感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)，即使被阻止旋轉(zhuǎn)也能施加穩(wěn)定的轉(zhuǎn)矩。 |
| Combustion chamber | 爐膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的每個(gè)動(dòng)力沖程中，燃料-空氣混合物燃燒的單個(gè)氣缸蓋和活塞頂之間的體積。2.（燃燒室）在燃?xì)鉁u輪發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、沖壓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、加力燃燒室或火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，燃料-空氣混合物在連續(xù)流動(dòng)過程中燃燒的部件，通常為圓柱形或環(huán)形。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 風(fēng)冷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一種由氣流直接冷卻的內(nèi)燃機(jī)，而不是通過流經(jīng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體的水被散熱器冷卻。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機(jī)器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機(jī)構(gòu)的一個(gè)部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動(dòng)之間的比率。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 負(fù)責(zé)為制成品及其設(shè)計(jì)、制造和測(cè)試制定和發(fā)布標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范（英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）的英國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為在正常條件下運(yùn)行的應(yīng)力。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 撥動(dòng)（撥動(dòng)夾） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由兩個(gè)銷桿組成的裝置，在同一平面的兩個(gè)端點(diǎn)之間幾乎成一條直線。將杠桿對(duì)齊會(huì)在端部之間產(chǎn)生較大的力。用于獲得較大的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢(shì)或用作鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)。 |
| Dead centre | 止點(diǎn) |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄機(jī)構(gòu)中，活塞連桿和曲柄都在一條線上，因此不會(huì)有驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余強(qiáng)度（單位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂紋、熱沖擊等引起的缺陷的受損體的強(qiáng)度。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 開爾文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0oC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100oC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10?23?when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m2/(s2K). 國(guó)際單位制中熱力學(xué)溫度的基本單位。開爾文溫度標(biāo)度在絕對(duì)零度和與攝氏度大小相同的度間隔（開爾文）處有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)。水的冰點(diǎn)為273K（0oC），沸點(diǎn)為373K（100oC）。它先前被定義為水三相點(diǎn)熱力學(xué)溫度的分?jǐn)?shù)1/273.16。從2019年5月20日起，通過將玻爾茲曼常數(shù)kB的固定數(shù)值取為1.380649×10來定義?當(dāng)以等于kg·m2/（s2K）的單位J/K表示時(shí)。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個(gè)已被淘汰的（即非國(guó)際單位制）單位，等于在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Martensitic stainless steels | 馬氏體不銹鋼 |
Martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. They can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. They have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. Uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 馬氏體不銹鋼是一種可硬化的磁性不銹鋼，其鉻含量為9-18%，碳含量為0.06-1.25%，錳、硅、鎳和鉬的總含量通常高達(dá)約2.5%。它們可以進(jìn)行熱處理，使馬氏體成為主要的微組分，通常可在退火或淬火回火條件下獲得。它們具有優(yōu)異的強(qiáng)度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蝕性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步槍槍管、蒸汽輪機(jī)管道和葉片、噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件、手動(dòng)工具、機(jī)械零件、緊固件、閥門、彈簧、軸承、泵軸、噴嘴、采礦設(shè)備和耐磨零件。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一種在六角面上有槽的螺母，與具有鉆孔的螺栓一起使用，以便將開口（開口）銷插入穿過螺母和螺栓以防止擰松。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一種方形、六角形或其他形狀的金屬緊固件，具有內(nèi)螺紋，可擰在螺栓、螺柱或心軸上。與外螺紋螺栓一起使用的內(nèi)螺紋緊固件。通常為六邊形，但也有許多其他幾何形狀，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夾持工具。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護(hù)介質(zhì)中退火以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工變得容易的特性，比如硫賦予鋼的特性，等等。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（單位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2, so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物體上的吸引力。物體的重量是其質(zhì)量和該點(diǎn)引力場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的乘積。質(zhì)量保持不變，但重量取決于物體在地球表面的位置，隨著海拔的升高而減小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，則質(zhì)量m的重量由W=mg給出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度約為9.81m/s2，因此1千克質(zhì)量的重量為9.81N。更一般地說，重量是在另一個(gè)物體的重力場(chǎng)中施加在物體質(zhì)量上的力。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化導(dǎo)致的系統(tǒng)、組件或結(jié)構(gòu)失效。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應(yīng)力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應(yīng)力之間的代數(shù)差，等于系統(tǒng)中最大剪應(yīng)力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Shear strength (Unit Pa) | 抗剪強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
The maximum shear stress that can be withstood by a material either (a) before plasticity occurs or (b) before rupture. 材料在（a）塑性發(fā)生之前或（b）斷裂之前能夠承受的最大剪切應(yīng)力。 |
| Air pump | 氣泵 |
A machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. The term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一種用于提供空氣流動(dòng)或用于增加或減少密閉容器中空氣質(zhì)量和壓力的機(jī)器。當(dāng)工作流體是液體時(shí)，術(shù)語(yǔ)泵更常用，而氣體更常用壓縮機(jī)。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對(duì)點(diǎn)之間測(cè)量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷卻應(yīng)力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷卻過程中溫度分布不均勻?qū)е碌臍堄鄳?yīng)力。 |
| Residual preload | 殘余預(yù)載荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加載螺栓連接中保持的張力。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓頭的底面應(yīng)與螺紋或柄軸完全垂直。例如，如果面和軸之間的角度為868或948，則稱緊固件的角度為48（有時(shí)稱為垂直度）。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 沖擊強(qiáng)度1.（單位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高應(yīng)變率條件下導(dǎo)致失效（通過屈服或斷裂）的應(yīng)力。2.（單位J）有時(shí)用于描述在夏比或懸臂梁式?jīng)_擊試驗(yàn)中使樣品斷裂所需的能量，即使單位不是強(qiáng)度單位。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中固溶體在冷卻時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點(diǎn)所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Compression fitting | 壓縮接頭 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一種用于管道的螺紋接頭，通過緊密配合的環(huán)（稱為套圈或橄欖形）在擰緊時(shí)的永久變形來防止泄漏。 |
| Dynamic load (Unit N) | 動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)載（單位N） |
1. Loading of a component or structure by a moving object whose point of application changes with time, e.g. the live load of a train passing over a bridge. 2. A load applied to a particular part of a component or structure in a short time interval. 1. 應(yīng)用點(diǎn)隨時(shí)間變化的移動(dòng)物體對(duì)部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的加載，例如通過橋梁的火車的活荷載。2. 在短時(shí)間內(nèi)施加到部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的特定部分的載荷。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火時(shí)效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1?(the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳鋼的脆化是由于溶質(zhì)碳在現(xiàn)有位錯(cuò)處的沉淀和鐵素體在不同溫度下的差異導(dǎo)致的鋼沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由鋼從略低于Ac1的溫度（奧氏體開始形成的溫度）快速冷卻引起的，可以通過從較低溫度淬火來最小化。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 當(dāng)處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的受限流體中任何一點(diǎn)的壓力發(fā)生變化時(shí)，流體體積中的每一點(diǎn)的變化都相等。 |
| Forced-air quench | 強(qiáng)制空氣淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用壓縮空氣沖擊相對(duì)較小的零件（例如齒輪）進(jìn)行的淬火。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺紋螺釘 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一種螺釘，具有圍繞工件周邊切割的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)螺紋，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的導(dǎo)程。 |
| Residual stress (Unit Pa) | 殘余應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
Stresses that remain within a body as the result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. (internal stress) An internal-stress system found in components that have experienced elastic unloading from non-uniform plastic-strain fields during manufacture. 由于熱處理或機(jī)械處理或兩者兼而有之而留在物體內(nèi)的應(yīng)力。（內(nèi)應(yīng)力）在制造期間從非均勻塑性應(yīng)變場(chǎng)經(jīng)歷彈性卸載的部件中發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)應(yīng)力系統(tǒng)。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷凍過程中形成的碳化物，是參與鐵合金共晶反應(yīng)的互不溶相之一。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點(diǎn)時(shí)活塞上方的“死區(qū)”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中。 |
| Gamma iron | 加馬鐵 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 純鐵的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）溫度范圍內(nèi)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接頭 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨鑄鐵 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一種鑄鐵，在熔融時(shí)用鎂或鈰等元素進(jìn)行處理，以誘導(dǎo)游離石墨形成為球?；蚯蚓?，從而賦予鑄造金屬可測(cè)量的延展性。又稱球墨鑄鐵、球晶石墨鑄鐵和SG鑄鐵。 |
| Endurance | 耐力 |
The capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反復(fù)施加應(yīng)力的能力。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 傳動(dòng)測(cè)功機(jī) |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一種測(cè)功機(jī)，其中軸傳遞的功率由其轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩的乘積獲得，扭矩由沿軸測(cè)得的剪切應(yīng)變確定。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸標(biāo)注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程圖紙上對(duì)部件每個(gè)特征的尺寸（例如長(zhǎng)度、半徑、角度或間距）和相對(duì)位置（例如角位置）的規(guī)范。數(shù)值通常包括公差。尺寸不應(yīng)超過制造組件所需的尺寸。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 機(jī)械能（單位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物體或機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)能和勢(shì)能之和，包括儲(chǔ)存在彈簧等中的能量。 |
| Punch | 沖床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一種帶有尖頭的手動(dòng)工具，用于在鉆孔前標(biāo)記工件中孔中心的位置。2.一種具有銳邊的平頭工具，用于剪切板上的孔，該板支撐在具有稍大相同形狀孔口的模具下方。 |
| Compressed liquid | 壓縮液體 |
A liquid subjected to a pressure greater than the saturation pressure corresponding to its temperature. 承受大于與其溫度對(duì)應(yīng)的飽和壓力的壓力的液體。 |
| Relative density | 相對(duì)密度 |
(specific gravity) The ratio of the density of a substance to that of a reference substance, such as water for liquids and solids, and dry air for gases. （比重）物質(zhì)密度與參考物質(zhì)密度之比，如液體和固體為水，氣體為干燥空氣。 |
| Turning | 車削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 車削是一種機(jī)械加工過程，通常在車床上，通過刀具對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)工件的作用產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)外表面。在車床中，工件靠著刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)，以生產(chǎn)具有圓形橫截面的部件。 |
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金屬 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 嚴(yán)格來說，所有不含鐵的金屬和合金，但通常指鋁基和銅基合金。 |
| Slant fracture | 傾斜裂縫 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一種斷裂現(xiàn)象，典型的平面應(yīng)力斷裂，其中金屬分離面與施加應(yīng)力的軸成一定角度（通常約45°）傾斜。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理斷裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle? microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一種通過分裂（劈裂）產(chǎn)生的裂縫斷裂，通常是多晶金屬的斷裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，產(chǎn)生明亮的反射面。它是一種結(jié)晶性斷裂，與低能脆性斷裂有關(guān)。與剪切斷裂相對(duì)。如板巖或云母等材料的層之間。在脆性金屬和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面發(fā)生解理。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲軸 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往復(fù)式單缸或多缸機(jī)器主軸的一部分。曲軸可以分段組裝或作為單個(gè)部件鍛造。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，活塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)將動(dòng)力傳遞給曲軸并使其旋轉(zhuǎn)，而在泵中，曲軸被驅(qū)動(dòng)，其旋轉(zhuǎn)使活塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt?equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加應(yīng)力的倍增系數(shù)，允許存在結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不連續(xù)區(qū)域的最大應(yīng)力與整個(gè)截面的標(biāo)稱應(yīng)力之比。也稱為理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制單位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝國(guó)單位制）1824年英國(guó)度量衡法首次定義的已被淘汰的單位制。其三個(gè)基本單位為秒（時(shí)間）、碼（長(zhǎng)度）和磅（質(zhì)量）。容量的英制單位是加侖。隨后引入的許多相關(guān)單位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方碼、品脫和夸脫，用于液體和干燥容量測(cè)量（即體積）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短噸和長(zhǎng)噸，以保證重量；磅達(dá)表示力；以分鐘和小時(shí)表示時(shí)間；華氏溫度；英國(guó)熱能單位。與帝國(guó)單位制密切相關(guān)的是美國(guó)習(xí)慣單位制。現(xiàn)在，每個(gè)英制單位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）當(dāng)量來定義的。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷卻。適用時(shí)，應(yīng)使用以下更具體的術(shù)語(yǔ)：鹽水淬火、堿淬火、冷模淬火、強(qiáng)制空氣淬火、強(qiáng)淬火、油淬火、壓力淬火、噴射淬火、直接淬火、霧淬火、熱淬火、間斷淬火、選擇性淬火、時(shí)間淬火和水淬火。1.通過將物體放入水、油、鹽、熔融金屬或其他介質(zhì)的浴中快速冷卻的過程。這是一種熱處理方法，特別用于形成回火鋼前的馬氏體。浴溫度是淬火溫度。2.燃燒的抑制。3.在活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，燃燒過程中一部分氣體的冷卻，通常通過減小活塞頂和氣缸蓋之間的間隙來實(shí)現(xiàn)。 |
| Nanomaterial | 納米材料 |
A material defined by the European Commission as ‘A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由歐盟委員會(huì)定義為“含有顆粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，處于未結(jié)合狀態(tài)或聚集體或凝聚體，其中，對(duì)于數(shù)量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多顆粒，一個(gè)或多個(gè)外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范圍內(nèi)”。在特定情況下，如果考慮到環(huán)境、健康、安全或競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，50%的數(shù)量大小分布閾值可以由1%到50%之間的閾值代替。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波義耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在給定的絕對(duì)溫度T下，氣體的壓力p與其體積的乘積是恒定的。與查爾斯定律一起，它產(chǎn)生了理想的氣體方程p=Mrt，其中m是氣體的質(zhì)量，R是特定的氣體常數(shù)。恒溫下氣體的體積與壓力成反比。這意味著隨著壓力的增加，氣體的體積會(huì)減少。 |
| Remaining stress | 殘留應(yīng)力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)期間在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)剩余的應(yīng)力。參見壓力松弛。 |
| Ideal critical diameter | 理想臨界直徑 |
(DI). Under an ideal quench condition, the bar diameter that has 50% martensite at the center of the bar when the surface is cooled at an infinitely rapid rate (that is, when H = ∞, where H is the quench severity factor). （DI）在理想淬火條件下，當(dāng)表面以無限快的速度冷卻時(shí)（即H=∞, 其中H是淬火嚴(yán)重度因子）。 |
| Screw area (Unit m2) | 螺絲面積（單位m2） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋槳尖端所描述的圓的面積。 |
| Screw extractor | 螺釘拔 |
A device for removing broken-off screws from threaded holes. It resembles a drill with, for broken right-hand threads, a fast (long-pitch) left-hand thread that is driven into a hole drilled in the broken screw, thus untwisting it. 從螺紋孔中去除斷裂螺釘?shù)难b置。它類似于一個(gè)鉆頭，對(duì)于斷裂的右螺紋，一個(gè)快速（長(zhǎng)螺距）的左螺紋被打入在斷裂螺釘上鉆的孔中，從而將其松開。 |
| Galilean transformation | 伽利略變換 |
In steady fluid flow, the addition or subtraction of a constant velocity to the entire flowfield, e.g. so that flow can be considered relative to a moving object or flow feature, such as a shock wave. 在穩(wěn)定的流體流動(dòng)中，對(duì)整個(gè)流場(chǎng)增加或減少恒定速度，例如，可以考慮相對(duì)于移動(dòng)物體或流動(dòng)特征（例如沖擊波）流動(dòng)。 |
| Stress relieving | 應(yīng)力消除 |
Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. 加熱到合適的溫度，保持足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間以減少殘余應(yīng)力，然后緩慢冷卻以盡量減少新殘余應(yīng)力的產(chǎn)生。 |
| Normal stress (Unit N) | 法向應(yīng)力（單位：N） |
The stress component perpendicular to a plane on which forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile stress or compressive stress. A stress in a fluid (such as pressure) or a solid, that is perpendicular to the surface on which it acts. The surface may be a real external surface or an imaginary internal one. 垂直于受力平面的應(yīng)力分量。法向應(yīng)力可以是拉應(yīng)力或壓應(yīng)力。流體（如壓力）或固體中垂直于其作用表面的應(yīng)力。該表面可以是真實(shí)的外表面或假想的內(nèi)表面。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 壓差（單位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （壓差，Δp）兩個(gè)壓力之間的差值，其中一個(gè)壓力可以是參考?jí)毫?，如大氣壓力。在許多流動(dòng)過程中，壓差比絕對(duì)壓力水平更重要。 |
| Crossed threads | 交叉螺紋 |
When the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. Forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 當(dāng)提供給螺栓的螺母的軸線與螺栓（或螺紋構(gòu)件的螺釘）的軸線不對(duì)齊時(shí)，螺紋可能會(huì)錯(cuò)誤接合，甚至螺母或螺釘會(huì)提前一圈或更多，但最終未對(duì)齊的螺紋會(huì)鎖定在一起。在這種情況下強(qiáng)行擰入螺母可能會(huì)對(duì)兩側(cè)的螺紋造成無法修復(fù)的損壞。 |
| Double aging | 雙級(jí)時(shí)效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用兩種不同的時(shí)效處理來控制由過飽和基質(zhì)形成的沉淀物類型，以獲得所需的性能。第一次時(shí)效處理，有時(shí)稱為中間處理或穩(wěn)定處理，通常在比第二次更高的溫度下進(jìn)行。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 熱強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔點(diǎn)一半（以開爾文為單位）的溫度下的屈服應(yīng)力（有時(shí)為斷裂應(yīng)力）。 |
| Acoustic emission | 聲發(fā)射 |
(stress-wave emission) Sound emitted by some materials when deformed under load. It arises from stress waves emitted by sudden dislocation motion in crystals, slip, crack growth, etc. （應(yīng)力波發(fā)射）某些材料在負(fù)載下變形時(shí)發(fā)出的聲音。它是由晶體中突然的位錯(cuò)運(yùn)動(dòng)、滑移、裂紋擴(kuò)展等發(fā)出的應(yīng)力波引起的。 |
| Grain size | 晶粒大小 |
A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain sizes are reported in terms of number of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grainsize number derived from area measurements. 多晶金屬中晶粒的面積或體積的量度，通常表示為單個(gè)尺寸相當(dāng)均勻時(shí)的平均值。在含有兩相或多相的金屬中，除非另有說明，晶粒尺寸是指基體的晶粒尺寸。多晶材料中晶粒的面積或體積的量度，通常表示為單個(gè)尺寸相當(dāng)均勻時(shí)的平均值。在含有兩相或多相的金屬中，除非另有說明，晶粒尺寸是指基體的晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸以每單位面積或體積的晶粒數(shù)、平均直徑或從面積測(cè)量得出的晶粒尺寸數(shù)來報(bào)告。 |
| Shoulder screw | 軸肩螺釘 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一種具有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上直徑或軸肩的螺釘，通常用于支撐杠桿和其他必須自由操作的機(jī)器部件。 |
| Tensiometer | 張力計(jì) |
An instrument used to measure surface tension. 用來測(cè)量表面張力的儀器。 |
| Guided bend | 導(dǎo)向彎曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通過使用柱塞將試樣壓入模具中獲得的彎曲，以產(chǎn)生試樣外表面和內(nèi)表面所需的輪廓。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量計(jì) |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量計(jì)）安裝在管道旁路中的流量計(jì)，它本身可能是流量計(jì)的一部分?？装逵糜诖_保一部分主流通過旁路。 |
| Bioengineering | 生物工程 |
(biological engineering) The application of engineering principles to biology, medicine, agriculture, etc. （生物工程）工程原理在生物學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)等方面的應(yīng)用。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測(cè)試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規(guī)定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時(shí)間。（單位Pa或，非國(guó)際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測(cè)量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時(shí)是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應(yīng)力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛頓內(nèi)摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 兩個(gè)平行流體層之間的剪切應(yīng)力與其中一層相對(duì)于另一層的速度成正比，與它們之間的距離成反比。比例常數(shù)是動(dòng)態(tài)粘度μ。對(duì)于牛頓流體，μ與壓力梯度、剪切應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變無關(guān)，但可能隨溫度和壓力而變化。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋轉(zhuǎn)鼓風(fēng)機(jī) |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機(jī)）一種容積式氣體壓縮機(jī)，可以是葉片式、螺旋式、嚙合凸角式（羅茨鼓風(fēng)機(jī)）或滑動(dòng)葉片式。 |
| Rotor | 轉(zhuǎn)子 |
A part of a machine that rotates on a shaft (rotor shaft) about its own axis, such as the blade-carrying discs of a turbine, the blades of a helicopter, or the rotating parts of a Roots blower. 繞軸（轉(zhuǎn)子軸）繞其自身軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)器部件，如渦輪葉片、直升機(jī)葉片或羅茨鼓風(fēng)機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)部件。 |
| Cone clutch | 錐形離合器 |
A friction clutch in which an internal cone moves axially in or out of engagement with an external cone. One or both surfaces is lined with high-friction material. 一種摩擦離合器，其中內(nèi)錐與外錐軸向嚙合或脫離嚙合。一個(gè)或兩個(gè)表面襯有高摩擦材料。 |
| Centre of pressure | 壓力中心 |
1. The location, on an aerofoil or other body that develops lift, of the resultant lift force. 2. The location, on a surface submerged in a liquid, of the resultant force due to the pressure acting on the surface. Because hydrostatic pressure increases with depth, the centre of pressure is generally below the centroid of the surface. 1.在產(chǎn)生升力的機(jī)翼或其他物體上，合成升力的位置。2.在浸沒在液體中的表面上，由于作用在表面上的壓力而產(chǎn)生的合力的位置。由于靜水壓力隨深度增加，壓力中心通常低于表面質(zhì)心。 |
| Fastener testing | 緊固件測(cè)試 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 確定或驗(yàn)證緊固件符合其規(guī)范要求。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線的初始部分與平行于初始部分的線之間沿應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)的距離，該線以應(yīng)力值（通常為0.2%）與應(yīng)力-變形曲線相交，該應(yīng)力值用作屈服強(qiáng)度的度量。用于沒有明顯屈服點(diǎn)的材料。 |
| Flattening test | 壓扁試驗(yàn) |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21?2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 該術(shù)語(yǔ)適用于管材，是指通過壓扁管材直至內(nèi)壁平行并隔開給定距離（通常等于無縫鋼管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）來測(cè)試管材截面的方法。進(jìn)行該試驗(yàn)的鍋爐管應(yīng)無裂紋或缺陷。適用于鉚釘?shù)膲罕庠囼?yàn)包括在熱態(tài)下壓扁鉚釘頭，使其直徑等于鉚釘柄或鉚釘體直徑的21?2倍。良好的鉚釘鋼不得在扁平頭部邊緣開裂。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修復(fù) |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通過將該層滲碳到基本上原始的碳水平來替換先前處理中在表面層中損失的碳。有時(shí)稱為再碳化。 |
| Vacuum servo | 真空服務(wù)器 |
A vacuum-operated servomotor which is used in a motor vehicle to provide a brake effort greater than the capability of the driver. 一種真空操作的伺服電機(jī)，用于機(jī)動(dòng)車中，以提供大于駕駛員能力的制動(dòng)力。 |
| Damage tolerance | 損傷容限 |
(defect tolerance) A design philosophy that takes into account initial imperfections, crack-growth rates and conditions at final fracture, and uses fracture mechanics to demonstrate that cracks should not grow to their critical length within the design life (or at least should be capable of ready detection). （缺陷公差）考慮初始缺陷、裂紋擴(kuò)展速率和最終斷裂條件的設(shè)計(jì)理念，并使用斷裂力學(xué)證明裂紋不應(yīng)在設(shè)計(jì)壽命內(nèi)增長(zhǎng)到其臨界長(zhǎng)度（或至少應(yīng)能夠隨時(shí)檢測(cè)）。 |
| Wrist | 腕關(guān)節(jié) |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 機(jī)器人上的最后三個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)，模擬人類手腕提供的旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而允許其通過手腕插座連接到的末端執(zhí)行器的方向。 |
| Joint space | 關(guān)節(jié)空間 |
The description of the position and orientation of a robot in terms of the rotational angles and translational positions of the joints. Kinematic analysis, normally using homogeneous transforms, allows conversion between this description and the end‐effector position and orientation in x,y,z space. 根據(jù)關(guān)節(jié)的旋轉(zhuǎn)角度和平移位置描述機(jī)器人的位置和方向。通常使用齊次變換的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析允許在該描述與x、y、z空間中的末端執(zhí)行器位置和方向之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射線厚度計(jì) |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一種由X射線源和探測(cè)器組成的裝置，用于測(cè)定片狀或平板狀材料的厚度，包括金屬、紙張、塑料、橡膠和陶瓷。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機(jī)械裝置，杠桿打開和關(guān)閉縱向分開的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時(shí)，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Translational joint | 平移鉸 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制變量為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器人關(guān)節(jié)。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環(huán)中應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子的最大值。 |
| Aging treatment | 時(shí)效處理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 針對(duì)時(shí)效硬化的熱處理；它包括溶液和沉淀處理。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國(guó)際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國(guó)際計(jì)量局）政府間組織，其任務(wù)是為可追溯到國(guó)際單位制的單一、一致的計(jì)量系統(tǒng)提供基礎(chǔ)。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個(gè)螺釘組織，另一端穿過該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Heat tinting | 熱著色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通過加熱氧化使金屬表面著色，以揭示微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)。 |
| Stress cycle | 應(yīng)力循環(huán) |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重復(fù)的應(yīng)力時(shí)間函數(shù)的最小段。 |
| Microhardness | 顯微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通過在非常輕的載荷下將壓頭（如維氏或努氏壓頭）壓入材料表面來確定的材料硬度；通常壓痕很小，必須用顯微鏡測(cè)量。能夠確定結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)不同微組分的硬度，或測(cè)量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時(shí)也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時(shí)使用回火來表示碳含量，但這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。?）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過機(jī)械或熱處理或兩者產(chǎn)生的硬度和強(qiáng)度，其特征是在冷加工過程中具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械性能或面積減小。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 臨界裂紋長(zhǎng)度（單位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物體上的給定應(yīng)力將導(dǎo)致裂紋擴(kuò)展和斷裂的裂紋長(zhǎng)度。 |
| Crack | 裂縫 |
A thin fissure-like defect in a component or structure across which material continuity is lost and which reduces the strength of the body. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中的細(xì)裂縫狀缺陷，材料連續(xù)性喪失并降低了身體的強(qiáng)度。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 熱力學(xué)定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 熱力學(xué)第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Double-shear test | 雙剪試驗(yàn) |
A shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一種剪切試驗(yàn)，具有兩個(gè)固定的剪切刀片和一個(gè)移動(dòng)的刀片，并使用實(shí)心圓棒作為試樣。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 聲學(xué)高溫計(jì) |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一種非侵入式高溫計(jì)，其原理是氣體中的聲速與其絕對(duì)溫度的平方根成正比。 |
| Shank | 螺桿 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓頭部下方的部分。1.一種工具的柄部，如拉刀、鉆頭、鉸刀或絲錐，可裝入夾具（如卡盤）中。鉚釘?shù)臈U或螺釘或螺栓的無螺紋部分。3.連接尖端和手柄的工具的軸。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 線彈性斷裂力學(xué) |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一種斷裂分析方法，可確定在含有已知尺寸和形狀裂紋狀缺陷的結(jié)構(gòu)中引起斷裂不穩(wěn)定性所需的應(yīng)力（或載荷）。 |
| Starting friction | 起動(dòng)摩擦 |
(limiting friction, static friction, stiction) (Unit N) The force required to initiate movement between two bodies in contact. （極限摩擦力、靜摩擦力、粘滯）（單位N）在兩個(gè)接觸物體之間啟動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)所需的力。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲勞裂紋擴(kuò)展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲勞荷載引起的裂紋擴(kuò)展速率，以每次荷載施加循環(huán)的裂紋擴(kuò)展表示。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 結(jié)構(gòu)完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷載條件下，評(píng)估部件和結(jié)構(gòu)因屈曲、斷裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Preload | 預(yù)載 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次擰緊螺母時(shí)螺紋緊固件中產(chǎn)生的張力。經(jīng)常與工作載荷或螺栓力或螺栓張力互換使用但容易使用不當(dāng)。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例極限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能夠產(chǎn)生的最大應(yīng)力不偏離應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變之間的直線比例。 |
| Magnetic materials | 磁性材料 |
Materials in which the magnetic moment of adjacent atoms can adopt either parallel or antiparallel alignment. Ferromagnetism occurs when the magnetic moments adopt parallel alignment. When adjacent magnetic moments cancel due to antiparallel alignment, the material exhibits antiferromagnetism and has no overall magnetic moment. Examples of the latter include ferrous oxide and manganese oxide. The phenomenon of ferrimagnetism occurs when adjacent magnetic moments adopt antiparallel alignment but have unequal magnitude. The region of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material in which the magnetic moments are aligned is known as a magnetic domain and adjacent regions are separated by domain walls. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials exhibit weak forms of magnetism that results from independent (uncoupled) alignment of magnetic atomic dipoles induced by an applied magnetic field. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials can acquire high degrees of magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields. They have different hysteresis characteristics and are classified as either hard magnets or soft magnets. Hard magnets retain large magnetization in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are used as permanent magnets. Conventional materials include magnet steels alloyed with tungsten or cobalt. Rare-earth magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements produce significantly stronger magnetic fields. The most common of these are samarium-cobalt and neodymiumiron-boron permanent magnets. Their strength allows them to be small and used in numerous applications, including cordless tools, disk drives, headphones, toys, and motors for automotive components such as wipers, fans, washers, and windows. Soft magnets may be magnetized and demagnetized relatively easily. When subjected to an alternating magnetic? field the energy loss due to hysteresis is small. Common materials include iron-silicon alloys (known as electrical steels), nickel-iron alloys (permalloy), soft ferrites, and amorphous nanocrystalline alloys, the last of which can be produced in the form of tape by meltspinning. Soft magnets are used to enhance the magnetic flux produced by an electric current. 相鄰原子的磁矩可以采用平行或反平行排列的材料。當(dāng)磁矩采用平行排列時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生鐵磁性。當(dāng)相鄰磁矩因反平行排列而抵消時(shí)，材料表現(xiàn)出反鐵磁性，沒有總磁矩。后者的實(shí)例包括氧化亞鐵和氧化錳。當(dāng)相鄰磁矩采用反平行排列但大小不等時(shí)，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵磁現(xiàn)象。磁矩對(duì)齊的鐵磁或鐵磁材料區(qū)域稱為磁疇，相鄰區(qū)域由磁疇壁分隔?？勾藕晚槾挪牧媳憩F(xiàn)出弱磁性形式，這是由外加磁場(chǎng)誘導(dǎo)的磁原子偶極子的獨(dú)立（非耦合）排列引起的。鐵磁性和鐵磁性材料可以在相對(duì)弱的磁場(chǎng)中獲得高磁化度。它們具有不同的磁滯特性，分為硬磁鐵和軟磁鐵。硬磁鐵在沒有外加磁場(chǎng)的情況下保持較大的磁化強(qiáng)度，用作永磁體。常規(guī)材料包括與鎢或鈷合金化的磁鋼。由稀土元素合金制成的稀土磁體產(chǎn)生明顯更強(qiáng)的磁場(chǎng)。其中最常見的是釤鈷和釹硼永磁體。它們的強(qiáng)度使其體積小，可用于多種應(yīng)用，包括無繩工具、磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器、耳機(jī)、玩具和汽車部件（如雨刷、風(fēng)扇、洗衣機(jī)和車窗）的電機(jī)。軟磁體可以相對(duì)容易地磁化和退磁。當(dāng)受到交變磁場(chǎng)時(shí)，由于磁滯引起的能量損失很小。常見材料包括鐵硅合金（稱為電工鋼）、鎳鐵合金（坡莫合金）、軟鐵氧體和非晶納米晶合金，最后一種可以通過熔釘以膠帶的形式生產(chǎn)。軟磁鐵用于增強(qiáng)電流產(chǎn)生的磁通量。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全閥（安全泄壓閥） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根據(jù)法律安裝在所有壓力容器（如蒸汽鍋爐）上的機(jī)械閥，其打開以防止內(nèi)部壓力超過該容器的最大設(shè)計(jì)值。一旦壓力降至安全水平，閥門將再次關(guān)閉。 |
| Specimen | 樣品 |
A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample. 用于破壞性或無損檢測(cè)的測(cè)試對(duì)象，通常具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸或配置?？梢詮臉悠返拿總€(gè)單位切割一個(gè)或多個(gè)樣品。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個(gè)螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Cathode | 陰極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 電池或腐蝕電池中吸引電子的電極。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，旁通流的質(zhì)量流量與通過發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)核心的質(zhì)量流量之比。 |
| Assembly line | 流水線 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一種大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，其中工作逐漸從一個(gè)操作轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)操作，最終得到完整產(chǎn)品。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔熱（絕緣） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一種材料，可以是低導(dǎo)電性固體，或多孔固體或織物，其中存在含有空氣或其他氣體的空隙，從而導(dǎo)致整體低導(dǎo)熱性。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于熱或冷物體的表面時(shí)，表面?zhèn)鳠嵬ǔp少。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皺 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金屬板深沖過程中，在法蘭邊緣和拉深半徑之間的金屬區(qū)域內(nèi)獲得的波浪狀狀態(tài)。當(dāng)設(shè)置不平衡壓縮力時(shí)，在其他成形操作中也可能發(fā)生起皺。 |
| Dynamics | 動(dòng)力學(xué) |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力學(xué)中研究運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的分支。它的兩個(gè)主要分支是運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)，前者研究運(yùn)動(dòng)而不考慮其原因，后者也考慮引起運(yùn)動(dòng)的力。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態(tài)灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產(chǎn)生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術(shù)語(yǔ)有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或使用的時(shí)間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Fine pitch | 細(xì)牙螺紋 |
Fine pitch threads are often used within the automotive industry. They are more easily tapped into harder materials and have less tendency to loosen. 細(xì)螺距螺紋通常用于汽車行業(yè)。它們更容易被敲入較硬的材料中，并且不太容易松動(dòng)。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在軸上或與軸成一體以提供軸向位置的環(huán)。 |
| Minute (min) | 分鐘（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI時(shí)間單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為1分鐘=60秒。 |
| Terminal velocity (Unit m/s) | 終端速度（單位：m/s） |
The velocity reached by an object in free fall through a fluid when the upward drag and buoyancy forces just balance the object’s weight. For an object with a density lower than that of the fluid, the terminal velocity is vertically upwards. 當(dāng)向上的阻力和浮力正好平衡物體的重量時(shí)，物體自由下落通過流體達(dá)到的速度。對(duì)于密度低于流體密度的物體，終端速度垂直向上。 |
| Mass flow rate (?) (Unit kg/s) | 質(zhì)量流量（?）（單位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (?″), with unit kg/s.m2, is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ?″ = ?/A or ?″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 單位時(shí)間內(nèi)流過表面或通過管道或其他管道的材料質(zhì)量，通常是流體或粉末。相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量通量（?″），單位為kg/s.m2，是通過真實(shí)表面或通過管道的質(zhì)量流量除以表面或橫截面積A，即?″=?/A或?″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Elastic constants | 彈性常數(shù) |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 將材料的彈性位移與施加的力相關(guān)聯(lián)的比例因子。 |
| Workspace (Unit m3) | 工作空間（單位m3） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空間體積）機(jī)器人基架周圍的體積，由機(jī)器人的可達(dá)范圍定義。因此，機(jī)器人只能執(zhí)行該體積內(nèi)的任務(wù)。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺紋耗盡 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或軋制的螺紋部分，但提供全深度螺紋與主體或頭部之間的過渡。官方稱之為螺紋沖蝕或消失，但術(shù)語(yǔ)“耗盡”更為流行。（跳動(dòng)是官方為旋轉(zhuǎn)偏心度保留的，由總指示器讀數(shù)等定義。） |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在氣缸中往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的一種容積泵。在吸入沖程，流體通過入口閥吸入腔室，然后在出口閥關(guān)閉時(shí)打開。在輸送沖程中，流體通過出口閥被迫流出腔室，然后出口閥打開，同時(shí)入口閥關(guān)閉。軸向和徑向配置都很常見。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘數(shù)0.01的SI單位前綴；因此厘米是長(zhǎng)度單位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂強(qiáng)度（單位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m2, the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按規(guī)定速率撕裂預(yù)裂片材所需的張力除以片材厚度。特別用于塑料、橡膠、織物和彈性體。由于單位不是應(yīng)力單位，而是相當(dāng)于J/m2，韌性單位，“強(qiáng)度”一詞是完全錯(cuò)誤的。 |
| Nominal size | 公稱尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 組件的預(yù)期尺寸。實(shí)際尺寸取決于制造公差。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質(zhì)隨時(shí)間的減少。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容積式流量計(jì) |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一種高精度儀器，通過將流動(dòng)的流體分成連續(xù)的固定體積并測(cè)量其通過流量計(jì)的時(shí)間來確定體積流量。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反躍式硬度試驗(yàn) |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校準(zhǔn)儀器的動(dòng)態(tài)壓痕硬度測(cè)試，該儀器將金剛石錘從固定高度落在被測(cè)材料表面上。錘的回彈高度是材料硬度的一種度量。也稱為肖氏硬度測(cè)試。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學(xué)狀態(tài) |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統(tǒng)或工作流體根據(jù)其性質(zhì)的狀態(tài)。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺紋 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺紋上相應(yīng)點(diǎn)之間的間距相對(duì)較大的螺紋。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲勞失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 當(dāng)經(jīng)歷疲勞的試樣完全斷裂成兩部分或因熱加熱或開裂而軟化或剛度顯著降低時(shí)發(fā)生的失效。 |
| Chain | 鏈 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列連接的鏈接，通常是鋼制的。對(duì)于提升、拉動(dòng)、固定等，每個(gè)鏈節(jié)都是一個(gè)閉合環(huán)，通常呈環(huán)形。對(duì)于動(dòng)力傳輸，鏈節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)為與鏈輪的齒嚙合。與皮帶傳動(dòng)相比，鏈傳動(dòng)往往用于高扭矩應(yīng)用。 |
| Barometer | 氣壓計(jì) |
An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. There are two main types – the mercury barometer, and the aneroid barometer. 用于測(cè)量大氣壓力的儀器。有兩種主要類型——水銀氣壓計(jì)和無液氣壓計(jì)。 |
| Transition metals | 過渡金屬 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3組至第12組（列）中的金屬元素。它們包括重要的金屬，如鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋯、鈮、鉬、鉭、鎢和貴金屬。它們?cè)谑覝叵戮哂畜w心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，并具有廣泛的機(jī)械和物理性能。 |
| Nano machining | 納米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強(qiáng)度的重復(fù)或波動(dòng)應(yīng)力下導(dǎo)致斷裂的現(xiàn)象。疲勞失效通常發(fā)生在靜態(tài)施加的載荷下，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進(jìn)性的，從在波動(dòng)應(yīng)力作用下生長(zhǎng)的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機(jī)或周期性變化載荷的部件和結(jié)構(gòu)中，指強(qiáng)度逐漸降低，導(dǎo)致在低于單調(diào)載荷下導(dǎo)致失效的應(yīng)力下發(fā)生失效的術(shù)語(yǔ)。可變負(fù)載由失衡的機(jī)械和其他振動(dòng)源、陣風(fēng)等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴(kuò)展的結(jié)果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發(fā)生在應(yīng)力集中點(diǎn)。在一段時(shí)間（通常是數(shù)百萬次應(yīng)力循環(huán)）后，裂紋達(dá)到臨界長(zhǎng)度，此時(shí)下一個(gè)峰值載荷會(huì)導(dǎo)致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產(chǎn)生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴(kuò)展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發(fā)出的特征條紋或進(jìn)展標(biāo)記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Modulus of rupture | 斷裂模量 |
Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. 彎曲試驗(yàn)或扭轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)中的標(biāo)稱斷裂應(yīng)力。在彎曲中，斷裂模量是斷裂時(shí)的彎矩除以截面模量。在扭轉(zhuǎn)中，斷裂模量是斷裂時(shí)的扭矩除以極截面模量。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨損疲勞 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因與另一個(gè)物體摩擦而損壞的表面引起的疲勞損壞。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 熱彈性效應(yīng) |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在絕熱彈性變形下的溫度變化，例如當(dāng)加載速度如此之快，以至于材料與其周圍環(huán)境不處于熱平衡時(shí)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)材料，彈性張力降低溫度，壓縮提高溫度。相反的情況發(fā)生在彈性體中，如橡膠，其表現(xiàn)出熵彈性，因?yàn)槔鞙p少了可能的分子構(gòu)型的數(shù)量，從而降低了熵。熱彈性效應(yīng)在循環(huán)彈性載荷中產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變遲滯回線，是振動(dòng)能量在材料內(nèi)部耗散的一種機(jī)制。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 連續(xù)式爐 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一種用于熱處理材料的爐子，該爐子連續(xù)通過爐子，進(jìn)入一個(gè)門并從另一個(gè)門排出。參見帶式高爐、直燃隧道式高爐、旋轉(zhuǎn)罐式爐、振動(dòng)爐。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小負(fù)載（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中施加載荷的最小代數(shù)值。 |
| Pressure snubber | 壓力緩沖器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （壓力脈沖緩沖器）一種用于過濾、阻尼和保護(hù)傳感器、壓力表和開關(guān)免受壓力浪涌、壓力尖峰和水錘影響的裝置。典型的設(shè)計(jì)使用安裝在內(nèi)聯(lián)閥體中的固定網(wǎng)格或多孔金屬盤。在活塞式壓力表緩沖器中，活塞被壓靠在通向壓力表的孔口上。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（單位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有單個(gè)主旋翼的直升機(jī)中，機(jī)身沿與旋翼相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長(zhǎng)度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 彈性應(yīng)變能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物體彈性變形所消耗的能量。本質(zhì)上，彈性變形過程中所做的所有功都以彈性能的形式存儲(chǔ)，并且在釋放所施加的力時(shí)恢復(fù)該能量。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗(yàn)機(jī) |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩(wěn)定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機(jī)器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉(zhuǎn)的。 |
| Dynamic modulus | 動(dòng)態(tài)模量 |
The ratio of stress to strain under cyclic conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or tension). 循環(huán)條件下的應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變之比（根據(jù)在剪切、壓縮或拉伸中的自由或強(qiáng)制振動(dòng)測(cè)試中獲得的數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得出）。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面處理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保護(hù)表面免受腐蝕和磨損或改變其機(jī)械性能的工藝，包括化學(xué)、電化學(xué)、機(jī)械和熱處理。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中液體溶液在冷卻時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點(diǎn)表示。（3）由共晶反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式濕度計(jì) |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通過吸收到吸濕介質(zhì)中來確定大氣中水蒸氣含量的儀器。 |
| Shoulder | 軸肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 軸、階梯部件或法蘭部件的直徑或其他尺寸發(fā)生變化的部分。即使是名義階躍變化，在實(shí)踐中，肩部和軸相交處也會(huì)有一個(gè)半徑，以避免出現(xiàn)過嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力集中。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強(qiáng)度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時(shí)刻外層纖維的最大應(yīng)力。 |
| Atomization | 霧化 |
The production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通過噴嘴（霧化器）噴射從液體（例如柴油或汽油）中產(chǎn)生細(xì)小液滴噴霧。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公稱直徑 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 緊固件的“目錄直徑”。通常大致等于主體的直徑或螺紋的外徑。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺紋磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一種使用異形砂輪生產(chǎn)或精加工非常精密螺紋的方法。 |
| Actual power | 實(shí)際功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （實(shí)際馬力）（單位W或hp）在隨后通過變速箱等傳輸之前，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出軸上傳遞的功率。 |
| Statistic | 統(tǒng)計(jì) |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據(jù)樣本中的觀察值計(jì)算得出的匯總值。 |
| Washer | 墊圈 |
An annular disc of metal, rubber, plastic, ceramic, etc., placed between two surfaces in contact either to spread the load (for example, between a surface and a tightened nut or a bolt head), to provide a seal, or to separate or align components. 由金屬、橡膠、塑料、陶瓷等制成的環(huán)形圓盤，放置在兩個(gè)接觸面之間，以分散載荷（例如，在一個(gè)表面和擰緊的螺母或螺栓頭之間），提供密封，或分離或?qū)R部件。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心載荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一個(gè)或多個(gè)緊固件上的外部載荷的合力未穿過緊固件組的質(zhì)心（偏心剪切載荷）或與螺栓軸不重合（偏心拉伸載荷），則稱該外部載荷為偏心。 |
| Compression spring | 壓縮彈簧 |
A spring that resists compression forces, usually in the form of a helix with separated coils (giving a linear axial stiffness) or a cone with separated coils (giving a non-linear axial stiffness). 一種抵抗壓縮力的彈簧，通常采用帶有分離線圈的螺旋形式（提供線性軸向剛度）或帶有分離線圈的錐形（提供非線性軸向剛度）。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化鏡硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 與落在被測(cè)材料上的菱形錘的回彈高度相關(guān)的數(shù)字。通過將錘子從淬火（達(dá)到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具鋼試塊上的平均回彈分為100個(gè)單位來測(cè)量。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷擠壓 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用簡(jiǎn)單的術(shù)語(yǔ)來說，冷擠壓可以定義為迫使未加熱的金屬流過成形模具。這是一種通過在室溫下壓縮使金屬塑性變形來成形金屬的方法，同時(shí)金屬處于由工具形成的模腔中。金屬至少在一個(gè)方向上從模具中流出，并具有所需的橫截面輪廓，這是由工具產(chǎn)生的孔口所允許的。冷擠壓總是在遠(yuǎn)低于金屬再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下進(jìn)行（鋼約1100至1300華氏度），因此總是發(fā)生加工硬化。在熱擠壓中，再結(jié)晶消除了加工硬化的影響，除非擠壓的快速冷卻阻止再結(jié)晶完成。 |
| GGas turbine | G燃?xì)廨啓C(jī) |
An engine in which air, compressed by a multi-stage axial compressor and/or one or more centrifugal compressors, flows into a combustion chamber (or chambers) where fuel is burned and the hot gases then drive an axial turbine which powers the compressor. 由多級(jí)軸流壓縮機(jī)和/或一個(gè)或多個(gè)離心壓縮機(jī)壓縮的空氣流入燃燒室（或多個(gè)燃燒室），在燃燒室中燃燒燃料，然后熱氣體驅(qū)動(dòng)軸流渦輪，為壓縮機(jī)提供動(dòng)力。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 擴(kuò)散系數(shù) |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一個(gè)比例因子，表示在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)通過單位濃度梯度擴(kuò)散到單位面積上的物質(zhì)量。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩計(jì) |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用彈簧加載、壓電或應(yīng)變測(cè)量裝置測(cè)量扭矩的儀器。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系數(shù) |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系數(shù)，表示設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)剪切接頭強(qiáng)度估計(jì)的不確定性。用于載荷和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數(shù) |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數(shù)，NA）一個(gè)固定數(shù)值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數(shù)?摩爾正好包含這個(gè)數(shù)量的基本實(shí)體。對(duì)阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)值的微小調(diào)整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Fastener with reduced shank | 短柄緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d2. 柄徑為ds≈d2的緊固件。 |
| Nanotechnology | 納米技術(shù) |
The science and engineering of materials that have been structured on length scales of 1–100 nm, resulting in modified physical properties owing to changes in the ratio of surface area to volume (atoms on surfaces having different symmetry from those in the bulk) and because many of the fundamental physical processes that underpin the properties of materials have a characteristic length scale of a few nm, so that alteration of microstructure at the nm level alters the bulk properties. 材料科學(xué)與工程，其結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)度為1-100nm，由于表面積與體積之比的變化（表面上的原子與體中的原子具有不同的對(duì)稱性），并且支撐材料性質(zhì)的許多基本物理過程具有幾納米的特征長(zhǎng)度尺度，因此改變納米級(jí)微觀結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)改變體性質(zhì)。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼裝置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 機(jī)動(dòng)車輛上的一種轉(zhuǎn)向聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置，在轉(zhuǎn)向點(diǎn)附近兩個(gè)車輪幾乎不會(huì)打滑。這是通過使內(nèi)短軸（在轉(zhuǎn)彎曲線的內(nèi)側(cè)）比外短軸移動(dòng)更大的角度來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 |
| Plane strain | 平面應(yīng)變 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中的應(yīng)力條件，其中在垂直于施加拉應(yīng)力軸和裂紋擴(kuò)展方向（即平行于裂紋前沿）的方向上存在零應(yīng)變；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加載厚板。在平面應(yīng)變條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面垂直于主拉應(yīng)力軸。 |
| Elastic interactions | 彈性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當(dāng)螺栓擰緊時(shí)，它會(huì)“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構(gòu)件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時(shí)，進(jìn)一步壓縮該區(qū)域的接頭。這允許第一個(gè)螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點(diǎn)預(yù)載）。但擰緊接頭另一側(cè)的螺栓可能會(huì)增加早期在近側(cè)擰緊的一些螺栓的預(yù)載。在裝配過程中，儲(chǔ)存在單個(gè)螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。 |
| Dew point | 壓力露點(diǎn) |
The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 氣體開始凝結(jié)成液體的溫度和壓力。 |
| Impact strength | 沖擊強(qiáng)度 |
The resiliency or toughness of a solid as measured by impact energy. 用沖擊能量測(cè)量的固體的彈性或韌性。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共滲 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，將合適的含鐵材料在氣體氣氛中加熱到較低的轉(zhuǎn)變溫度以上，使其表面同時(shí)吸收碳和氮，并通過擴(kuò)散形成濃度梯度。該工藝通過以在工件中產(chǎn)生所需性能的速率冷卻來完成。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大氣壓的壓力下進(jìn)行退火。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動(dòng)勢(shì) |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當(dāng)一個(gè)結(jié)處于不同于另一個(gè)結(jié)的溫度時(shí)，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產(chǎn)生的電動(dòng)勢(shì)。 |
| Static equilibrium | 靜態(tài)平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固體上的所有外力和力矩的合力為零，則固體、結(jié)構(gòu)或物理系統(tǒng)（或任何細(xì)分部分）無論是靜止還是以恒定速度移動(dòng)，都是處于靜態(tài)平衡。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 臨界溫度范圍 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 與轉(zhuǎn)換范圍同義，這是首選術(shù)語(yǔ)。 |
| Stove bolt | 爐用螺栓 |
This bolt has been so named because of its use in stove building. It is made in a number of different forms, either with a round button, or flat countersunk head, the head having a slot for a screwdriver and the threaded end being provided with a square or hexagon nut. 這種螺栓因其在爐灶建筑中的用途而得名。它有多種不同的形式，有圓形按鈕或平沉頭，頭部有螺絲刀槽，螺紋端有方形或六角螺母。 |
| Natural aging | 自然時(shí)效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 過飽和固溶體在室溫下的自發(fā)時(shí)效。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺紋 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一種夾角為29°的螺紋，主要用于機(jī)床上的進(jìn)給絲杠。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對(duì)于活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機(jī)械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進(jìn)一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導(dǎo)致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優(yōu)異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Case | 包蓋 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 鐵合金的一部分，從表面向內(nèi)延伸，其成分已經(jīng)改變，可以進(jìn)行表面硬化。通常被認(rèn)為是合金的一部分，（a）其成分與原始成分發(fā)生了可測(cè)量的變化，（b）在蝕刻橫截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于規(guī)定值。與核心形成對(duì)比。 |
| Spring clip | 彈簧夾 |
A clip made of a material such as spring steel which grips an inserted part. 由彈簧鋼等材料制成的夾子，用于夾住插入的零件。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 壓力貯存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （壓力容器）密閉容器：在大氣壓以上的壓力下儲(chǔ)存氣體或揮發(fā)性液體，如液化氣體的密閉容器。此類貯存器通常為圓柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Tempered martensite embrittlement | 回火馬氏體脆化 |
Embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 400 °C (400 to 750 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prioraustenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prioraustenite grain boundaries. 超高強(qiáng)度鋼在205至400°C（400至750°F）溫度范圍內(nèi)回火引起的脆化；也稱為350°C或500°F脆化?；鼗瘃R氏體脆化被認(rèn)為是由于滲碳體沉淀在原奧氏體晶界或?qū)娱g晶界上以及雜質(zhì)在原奧氏體晶粒邊界處偏析的綜合影響。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通過使用內(nèi)部氣壓使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨脹來制造中空聚合物物體（例如瓶子）。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質(zhì)合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結(jié)劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結(jié)混合物。它們具有高熔點(diǎn)、韌性、抗壓強(qiáng)度和耐磨性。應(yīng)用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于機(jī)床時(shí)，有時(shí)稱為硬金屬。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 壓力（p）（單位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在熱力學(xué)和流體力學(xué)中，每單位面積流體施加的壓縮力。流體施加在表面上的壓力垂直于表面。 |
| Austempering | 等溫淬火 |
A heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenched from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid formation of ferrite or pearlite and then held at a temperature just above Ms until transformation to bainite is complete. Although designated as bainite in both austempered steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI), austempered steel consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and carbide, while austempered ductile iron consists of two phase mixtures containing ferrite and austenite. Heat treatment comprising austenitization of a steel article, cooling it to a bainitic range at a rate higher than the critical cooling rate and holding at a fixed temperature until the completion of bainitic transformation. 一種鐵合金的熱處理，其中零件從奧氏體化溫度以足夠快的速度淬火，以避免形成鐵素體或珠光體，然后保持在略高于Ms的溫度，直到完全轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樨愂象w。雖然在奧氏體鋼和奧氏體球鐵(ADI)中都被指定為貝氏體，但奧氏體鋼由含有鐵素體和碳化物的兩相混合物組成，而奧氏體球墨鑄鐵由含有鐵素體和奧氏體的兩相混合物組成。熱處理包括鋼制品的奧氏體化，以高于臨界冷卻速率的速率將其冷卻到貝氏體范圍，并保持在固定溫度直到貝氏體轉(zhuǎn)變完成。 |
| Imperial system | 英制單位體系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英國(guó)開發(fā)的計(jì)量單位。以前稱為fps系統(tǒng)，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）單位制”的縮寫。 |
| Fracture test | 斷裂試驗(yàn) |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一種試驗(yàn)，其中試樣被破壞并用肉眼或低倍顯微鏡檢查其斷裂表面，以確定成分、晶粒尺寸、表層深度或內(nèi)部不連續(xù)性等因素。1.記錄單調(diào)加載試樣的載荷偏轉(zhuǎn)（或應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變），直到其在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或扭轉(zhuǎn)中斷裂。2.在疲勞技術(shù)中，確定試樣在不同重復(fù)載荷模式下的斷裂循環(huán)次數(shù)。3.測(cè)定斷裂韌性的實(shí)驗(yàn)。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通過在油中以低于水淬的冷卻速率淬火合適的鋼，在回火前形成馬氏體，從而降低部件斷裂或嚴(yán)重殘余應(yīng)力的可能性。是一種淬火硬化處理，包括在油中冷卻。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 貝氏體硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化處理主要導(dǎo)致貝氏體的形成。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的條件下，在密封容器中對(duì)金屬或合金進(jìn)行退火。在對(duì)鐵合金進(jìn)行箱式退火時(shí)，通常將裝料緩慢加熱至低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的溫度，但有時(shí)會(huì)高于或低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍，然后緩慢冷卻；這個(gè)過程也稱為緊密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Inclusions | 夾雜物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金屬基體中的小塊非金屬雜質(zhì)。 |
| Pressure control valve | 壓力控制閥 |
A valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于設(shè)置壓力容器或管道系統(tǒng)中壓力水平的閥門。 |
| Degree (°) | 度數(shù)（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一種度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Scratch hardness | 劃痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一種材料（如金屬、合金、塑料或礦物）對(duì)更硬的壓頭（如金剛石觸針）劃傷的抵抗力，在表面上緩慢移動(dòng)。根據(jù)載荷和殘余劃痕的尺寸計(jì)算劃痕硬度值。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計(jì)測(cè)量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測(cè)量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準(zhǔn)彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗(yàn)材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設(shè)計(jì)：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細(xì)至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關(guān)（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對(duì)于零滲透，硬度為100，對(duì)于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Actual cubic feet per minute | 實(shí)際立方英尺每分鐘 |
(acfm) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) measure of volumetric flow rate; the volume of a gas flowing per minute at actual operating pressure and temperature, as opposed to the corresponding volume flow rate at STP. （acfm）已被淘汰的（即非SI）體積流量測(cè)量；在實(shí)際工作壓力和溫度下每分鐘流動(dòng)的氣體體積，與STP下的相應(yīng)體積流量相反。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 轉(zhuǎn)速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （單位rps或rpm）對(duì)于繞固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的物體，旋轉(zhuǎn)速度是物體每單位時(shí)間的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（單位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Carburizing flame | 滲碳火焰 |
A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame. 一種氣體火焰，會(huì)在氣焊操作中將碳引入一些加熱的金屬中。滲碳火焰是還原火焰，但還原火焰不一定是滲碳火焰。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通風(fēng)量（單位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 爐子或鍋爐中燃燒氣體的壓力降低，無論是強(qiáng)制還是由于熱氣體的浮力，用于吸入燃燒空氣并去除燃燒產(chǎn)物。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 當(dāng)暴露于高于約1500°C的溫度時(shí)不熔化或在高于約550°C的連續(xù)溫度下快速劣化的金屬或陶瓷。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向上起作用或移動(dòng)。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭桿 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 當(dāng)施加扭矩時(shí)用作彈性彈簧的金屬棒。 |
| Caterpillar | 毛蟲式履帶 |
(crawler vehicle) A vehicle that ‘lays its own road’ by running on endless belts, driven by toothed wheels, on each side. Used on soft ground where spreading of the load reduces contact stress. （履帶式車輛）通過在每一側(cè)由齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的環(huán)形皮帶運(yùn)行來“鋪設(shè)自己的道路”的車輛。用于負(fù)載分散可減少接觸應(yīng)力的松軟地面。 |
| Band clutch | 帶式離合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一種摩擦離合器，其驅(qū)動(dòng)是通過一條帶在離合器邊緣上收縮來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì) |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 溫度、壓力和定義工作流體狀態(tài)的密集屬性：比內(nèi)能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Gear pump | 齒輪泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in which fluid is pumped by meshing gears, one driven and the other an idler gear, on parallel axes within a closed casing. 一種容積式泵，其中流體由嚙合齒輪泵送，在封閉外殼內(nèi)的平行軸上一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)，另一個(gè)為空套齒輪。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范圍（單位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或組件的成品形狀所需的特征的直徑、長(zhǎng)度、寬度等的指定值。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環(huán)境發(fā)生顯著化學(xué)或電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的磨損。 |
| Sampling | 抽樣 |
The process of measuring a series of values of a time-varying quantity. 測(cè)量一系列時(shí)變量值的過程。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽壓表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一種壓力表，用于測(cè)量管道、鍋爐、汽缸或其他與蒸汽一起工作的裝置中的表壓。 |
| Full hard | 全硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. In specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. For aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態(tài)，大致對(duì)應(yīng)于冷加工狀態(tài)，超過該狀態(tài)，材料就不能再通過彎曲形成。在規(guī)范中，完全硬質(zhì)回火通常定義為與完全退火后的特定冷壓下率百分比相對(duì)應(yīng)的最小硬度或最小抗拉強(qiáng)度（或者，硬度或強(qiáng)度范圍）。對(duì)于鋁來說，完全硬回火相當(dāng)于從極軟狀態(tài)減少75%；對(duì)于奧氏體不銹鋼，減少約50%至55%。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服點(diǎn)延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不連續(xù)屈服期間，從屈服開始到應(yīng)變硬化開始測(cè)量的應(yīng)變量。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通過固溶熱處理然后快速淬火對(duì)奧氏體鐵合金進(jìn)行退火。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是負(fù)載（輸出力）與作用力（輸入力）的比值。 |
| Scoring | 劃痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦學(xué)中，一種嚴(yán)重的磨損形式，其特征是在滑動(dòng)方向上形成大面積的凹槽和劃痕。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦學(xué)中，通過相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的兩個(gè)表面中較軟的表面的塑性變形形成凹槽。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（單位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 對(duì)于錐齒輪，軸與節(jié)錐生成器之間的角度。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關(guān)節(jié)的可拆卸機(jī)構(gòu)。關(guān)節(jié)的兩個(gè)組件的連接器。1.連接兩個(gè)或多個(gè)軸或機(jī)構(gòu)部件的任何機(jī)械緊固件，以傳遞動(dòng)力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Uniform strain | 均勻應(yīng)變 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在應(yīng)變局部化（頸縮）開始之前發(fā)生的應(yīng)變；拉伸試驗(yàn)中最大載荷的應(yīng)變。 |
| Rupture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效時(shí)的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Trepanning | 開孔 |
Trepanning is a machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder, or tube from solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usually single-point) revolving around a center. 開孔是一種機(jī)械加工工藝，通過包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)圍繞中心旋轉(zhuǎn)的刀具（通常為單點(diǎn)）的作用，在實(shí)心坯料中制造圓孔或凹槽，或從實(shí)心坯料生產(chǎn)圓盤、圓柱體或管。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對(duì)向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的張力；殘余預(yù)載荷和部分（通常）任何外部載荷的組合產(chǎn)生的張力。連接圖通常用于預(yù)測(cè)緊固件在使用中的近似工作載荷。部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為在正常條件下運(yùn)行的荷載。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3?temperature and an increase of the A4?temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1?temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素?cái)U(kuò)展了相應(yīng)相圖中的γ相場(chǎng)，這表現(xiàn)為二元合金Fe-M中A3溫度的降低和A4溫度的升高，以及A1溫度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑在鐵素體中的溶解度遠(yuǎn)低于在奧氏體中的溶解度。在奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑的影響下，奧氏體可以在低至室溫時(shí)變得熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 縱向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金屬中的主要流動(dòng)方向。另請(qǐng)參見法向和橫向。 |
| Dilatometer | 膨脹計(jì) |
An instrument for measuring length or volume changes in a solid during heating and subsequent cooling or isothermal holding. · An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature and allotropy. 一種在加熱和隨后的冷卻或等溫保持過程中測(cè)量固體長(zhǎng)度或體積變化，測(cè)量金屬因溫度和同素異形體等因素的變化而引起的線性膨脹或收縮的儀器。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 變形（單位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于壓力、熱變化、水分變化或其他原因?qū)е碌纳眢w形態(tài)變化。在固體力學(xué)中，由外部或內(nèi)部載荷引起的身體各部分或整個(gè)身體的形狀或大小的任何可逆（彈性）或永久（塑性）變化。它包括拉伸、壓縮、彎曲和扭曲。物體中相同的變形狀態(tài)可以表現(xiàn)為伸長(zhǎng)和剪切的不同組合。為了說明總應(yīng)變中有多少是剪切，將其分為膨脹分量和偏差分量，前者改變體積但不改變形狀，后者改變形狀但不改變體積。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時(shí)間內(nèi)流經(jīng)表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Shoulder bolt | 軸肩螺栓 |
A bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一種螺栓，其螺紋和頭部之間的無螺紋圓柱段的直徑大于螺紋段的直徑，精確加工至長(zhǎng)度和直徑并硬化 |
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