| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面應(yīng)變斷裂韌性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂紋尖端平面應(yīng)變條件下的裂紋擴(kuò)展阻力。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細(xì)蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Ablative materials | 燒蝕材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂層材料，旨在通過(guò)質(zhì)量損失為流體流中的物體提供熱保護(hù)。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全損耗潤(rùn)滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 內(nèi)燃機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油與燃料一起燃燒的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一種短的三棱鏡，其主面對(duì)著一個(gè)銳角，可在兩個(gè)物體或物體的一部分之間驅(qū)動(dòng)，以將它們分開(kāi)、擰緊或固定，或加寬開(kāi)口或舉起重物。銳角具有很高的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢(shì)。 |
| Slug wrench | 緩動(dòng)扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有鐵砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通過(guò)用大錘敲擊鐵砧產(chǎn)生的。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學(xué)過(guò)程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質(zhì)或系統(tǒng)所經(jīng)歷的平衡狀態(tài)的變化。 |
| Vice | 老虎鉗 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一種用于夾持工件的車間工具，由兩個(gè)鉗口組成，一個(gè)固定，另一個(gè)通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)螺釘移動(dòng)。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 對(duì)于穩(wěn)定流動(dòng)的流體（液體或氣體），壓力、每單位體積的動(dòng)能和每單位體積的勢(shì)能之和在流體中的任何點(diǎn)都是恒定的。使用這種關(guān)系，可以通過(guò)在兩個(gè)點(diǎn)測(cè)量流體的壓力來(lái)測(cè)量流體的速度，就像使用壓力計(jì)或皮托管一樣。 |
| Standard fit | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Brittle fracture | 脆性斷裂 |
The fracture of a component or structure in the globally-elastic range of loading, so that the broken pieces may be refitted to regain the original article. Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile fracture. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在全局彈性載荷范圍內(nèi)的斷裂，以便可以將破碎的碎片重新裝配以恢復(fù)原始物品。固體的分離伴隨著很少或沒(méi)有宏觀塑性變形。通常，脆性斷裂通過(guò)快速裂紋擴(kuò)展發(fā)生，能量消耗比韌性斷裂少。 |
| Screw extractor | 螺釘拔 |
A device for removing broken-off screws from threaded holes. It resembles a drill with, for broken right-hand threads, a fast (long-pitch) left-hand thread that is driven into a hole drilled in the broken screw, thus untwisting it. 從螺紋孔中去除斷裂螺釘?shù)难b置。它類似于一個(gè)鉆頭，對(duì)于斷裂的右螺紋，一個(gè)快速（長(zhǎng)螺距）的左螺紋被打入在斷裂螺釘上鉆的孔中，從而將其松開(kāi)。 |
| Rupture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效時(shí)的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Radial marks | 徑向標(biāo)記 |
Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. Radial lines result from the intersection and connection of brittle fractures propagating at different levels. Also known as shear ledges. 斷裂表面上的線，從斷裂起點(diǎn)輻射，肉眼可見(jiàn)或在低放大率下可見(jiàn)。徑向線是在不同層面上傳播的脆性斷裂相交和連接的結(jié)果。也稱為剪切壁架。 |
| Turbine | 渦輪 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 轉(zhuǎn)子（渦輪）或葉輪旋轉(zhuǎn)并將流動(dòng)能量轉(zhuǎn)換為軸功率或推力的渦輪機(jī)。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對(duì)于聚光太陽(yáng)能集熱器，集中器面向太陽(yáng)光束的投影面積與接收器的實(shí)際面積之比。 |
| Threaded fastener | 螺紋緊固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各種螺柱、螺栓和螺釘，以及相關(guān)的螺母。 |
| Magnetic test | 磁性測(cè)試 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. The test works by utilizing the change in magnetic properties of metals at their Curie point–the temperature above which metals lose their magnetism. 用于測(cè)試各種淬火劑的熱提取率的方法。該測(cè)試通過(guò)利用金屬在居里點(diǎn)（即金屬失去磁性的溫度）的磁性變化來(lái)進(jìn)行。 |
| Flame straightening | 火焰矯直 |
Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通過(guò)使用氣體火焰進(jìn)行局部加熱來(lái)糾正金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的變形。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點(diǎn)是抗拉強(qiáng)度介于軟態(tài)和半硬態(tài)之間。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 熱電結(jié) |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 兩根不同金屬線的末端之間的焊接、錫焊或絞合連接，如熱電偶。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋轉(zhuǎn)泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通過(guò)內(nèi)部部件的旋轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)泵送液體的容積泵，如齒輪泵、凸輪泵（類似于羅茨鼓風(fēng)機(jī)）或螺桿泵。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3?temperature and an increase of the A4?temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1?temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素?cái)U(kuò)展了相應(yīng)相圖中的γ相場(chǎng)，這表現(xiàn)為二元合金Fe-M中A3溫度的降低和A4溫度的升高，以及A1溫度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑在鐵素體中的溶解度遠(yuǎn)低于在奧氏體中的溶解度。在奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑的影響下，奧氏體可以在低至室溫時(shí)變得熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學(xué) |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復(fù)合材料、生物材料和半導(dǎo)體等固體物質(zhì)的特性、行為和應(yīng)用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學(xué)。 |
| Acoustic droplet ejection | 聲液滴噴射 |
The ejection of small droplets from the surface of a liquid that results from focusing high-intensity ultrasound near the surface. 由于在表面附近聚焦高強(qiáng)度超聲波而從液體表面噴射出小液滴。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點(diǎn)時(shí)活塞上方的“死區(qū)”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中。 |
| Horsepower | 馬力 |
Unit indicating the rate at which work is done. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts. 單位表示完成工作的速率。一馬力的電當(dāng)量為746瓦。 |
| Absorption hygrometer | 吸收式濕度計(jì) |
An instrument that determines the content of water vapour in the atmosphere by it being absorbed into a hygroscopic medium. 通過(guò)吸收到吸濕介質(zhì)中來(lái)確定大氣中水蒸氣含量的儀器。 |
| Preheating | 預(yù)熱 |
Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before final austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, to homogenize the structure before working. In welding and related processes, heating to an intermediate temperature for a short time immediately before welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or thermal spraying. 在進(jìn)一步熱處理或機(jī)械處理之前加熱。對(duì)于工具鋼，在最終奧氏體化之前立即加熱至中間溫度。對(duì)于一些非鐵合金，在工作前長(zhǎng)時(shí)間加熱到高溫，以使結(jié)構(gòu)均勻化。在焊接和相關(guān)工藝中，在焊接、釬焊、釬焊、切割或熱噴涂之前，立即加熱到中間溫度。 |
| Coefficient of discharge (CD) | 流量系數(shù)（CD） |
For flow through a nozzle or orifice plate, the ratio of the actual mass flow rate to the theoretical mass flow rate calculated assuming the flow to be isentropic. The coefficient of velocity (velocity coefficient) is the corresponding ratio of the actual average velocity to the theoretical value. For incompressible flow, the theoretical flow rate and velocity can be calculated using Bernoulli’s equation. 對(duì)于通過(guò)噴嘴或孔板的流量，實(shí)際質(zhì)量流量與假設(shè)流量為等熵計(jì)算的理論質(zhì)量流量之比。速度系數(shù)（速度系數(shù)）是實(shí)際平均速度與理論值的對(duì)應(yīng)比。對(duì)于不可壓縮流，可以使用伯努利方程計(jì)算理論流量和速度。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小應(yīng)力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中代數(shù)值最低的應(yīng)力，拉應(yīng)力被視為正應(yīng)力，壓應(yīng)力為負(fù)應(yīng)力。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起動(dòng)閥（調(diào)節(jié)器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 將蒸汽從鍋爐送入蒸汽機(jī)汽缸的閥門(mén)。 |
| Transmissibility | 傳遞率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振動(dòng)干擾的系統(tǒng)的傳遞力與干擾力之比。該比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度來(lái)定義。 |
| Variance | 方差 |
A measure of the squared dispersion of observed values or measurements expressed as a function of the sum of the squared deviations from the population mean or sample average. 觀測(cè)值或測(cè)量值的平方離散度的度量，表示為總體平均值或樣本平均值的平方偏差之和的函數(shù)。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時(shí)間關(guān)系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應(yīng)力下蠕變應(yīng)變與時(shí)間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量機(jī) |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、閥門(mén)等的機(jī)器，以確保工作流體的正向進(jìn)入和輸送，并防止不期望的反向流動(dòng)。這類機(jī)器包括所有往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)和膨脹機(jī)以及一些類型的旋轉(zhuǎn)壓縮機(jī)、羅茨鼓風(fēng)機(jī)、抽水機(jī)、凸輪泵和葉片泵。 |
| Actuating system | 驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一種系統(tǒng)，其中提供給執(zhí)行器的電氣、氣動(dòng)或液壓輸入通常以受控方式產(chǎn)生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 熱容量（C）（單位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不發(fā)生相變的情況下將物體的溫度提高1K所需的能量。熱容量是一種廣泛的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)，取決于溫度和壓力。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均勻滲碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用滲碳工藝將低碳鐵合金轉(zhuǎn)化為整個(gè)截面中碳含量均勻且較高的合金。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 調(diào)質(zhì)熱處理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制備材料的初步熱處理，以便對(duì)隨后的熱處理進(jìn)行所需的反應(yīng)。為了使該術(shù)語(yǔ)有意義，必須指定確切的熱處理。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 從缺口試樣表面到缺口底部的距離。在圓柱形試樣中，通過(guò)加工環(huán)形槽去除的原始橫截面積的百分比。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 維氏硬度測(cè)試 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金剛石棱錐壓頭（維氏硬度計(jì)）和可變載荷的壓痕硬度測(cè)試，能夠?qū)臉O軟鉛到碳化鎢的所有硬度范圍使用一個(gè)硬度標(biāo)度。也稱為鉆石金字塔硬度測(cè)試。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 彈性應(yīng)變能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物體彈性變形所消耗的能量。本質(zhì)上，彈性變形過(guò)程中所做的所有功都以彈性能的形式存儲(chǔ)，并且在釋放所施加的力時(shí)恢復(fù)該能量。 |
| Composite property | 復(fù)合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學(xué)中，根據(jù)封閉系統(tǒng)及其周圍環(huán)境的性質(zhì)定義的性質(zhì)，例如非流動(dòng)火用函數(shù)。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個(gè)平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（單位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 對(duì)于錐齒輪，軸與節(jié)錐生成器之間的角度。 |
| Lubricant | 潤(rùn)滑劑 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 為了減少兩個(gè)表面之間的摩擦或磨損而置于兩個(gè)表面間的任何物質(zhì)。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應(yīng)力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規(guī)定的小永久變形的應(yīng)力。（2）施加在構(gòu)件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定應(yīng)力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Knot (kn) | 節(jié)（kn） |
A non-SI unit defined as one nautical mile per hour. The conversion to SI is 1 kn = 5.144 444 444×10?1?m/s. 非國(guó)際單位制單位，定義為每小時(shí)一海里。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1kN=5.144444×10?1米/秒。 |
| Punch | 沖床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一種帶有尖頭的手動(dòng)工具，用于在鉆孔前標(biāo)記工件中孔中心的位置。2.一種具有銳邊的平頭工具，用于剪切板上的孔，該板支撐在具有稍大相同形狀孔口的模具下方。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質(zhì)量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Cathode | 陰極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 電池或腐蝕電池中吸引電子的電極。 |
| Load ratio, R | 負(fù)載比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲勞中，疲勞循環(huán)中最小載荷與最大載荷的代數(shù)比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也稱為應(yīng)力比。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 對(duì)于低于材料比例極限的剪切應(yīng)力，剪切應(yīng)力與相應(yīng)剪切應(yīng)變之比。剪切模量值通常通過(guò)扭轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)確定。也稱為剛度模量。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 熱容率（c）（單位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ?, the product ?C where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 對(duì)于質(zhì)量流量為?的管道中的流體流動(dòng)，乘積?C其中C是比熱容，在氣體的情況下為恒定壓力（CP）。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一類由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三種單體組成的熱塑性共聚物，其性能（特別是韌性）優(yōu)于單個(gè)成分。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓頭的底面應(yīng)與螺紋或柄軸完全垂直。例如，如果面和軸之間的角度為868或948，則稱緊固件的角度為48（有時(shí)稱為垂直度）。 |
| Decarburization | 脫碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于與接觸表面的介質(zhì)中的一種或多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)，含碳合金表面層的碳損失。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認(rèn)為是均勻的條件下生產(chǎn)的一定數(shù)量的某些產(chǎn)品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個(gè)通用術(shù)語(yǔ)，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時(shí)產(chǎn)生其他性能或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的所需變化。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞萊氣壓計(jì) |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一種垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水銀上方的空間處于真空狀態(tài)。水銀在管道中上升的高度是大氣壓力的量度。 |
| Fracture | 斷裂 |
(rupture) The separation of materials, components, or structures into two or more parts by the propagation of one or more cracks. Cracking may be globally elastic (brittle) or accompanied by varying degrees of plasticity (ductile). （斷裂）通過(guò)一個(gè)或多個(gè)裂紋的擴(kuò)展將材料、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)分離成兩個(gè)或更多部分。裂紋可能是整體彈性（脆性）或伴有不同程度的塑性（延性）。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個(gè)螺釘組織，另一端穿過(guò)該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開(kāi)夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(Unit °) The angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. In the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （單位°）升力體上的參考線與升力體與其運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)的流體之間的相對(duì)速度的矢量方向之間的角度。在機(jī)翼、渦輪或壓縮機(jī)葉片的情況下，通常的參考線是弦線。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超聲波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 測(cè)量伸長(zhǎng)使用在螺栓一端產(chǎn)生的聲音脈沖，該脈沖沿螺栓長(zhǎng)度傳播，從遠(yuǎn)端反彈，并在測(cè)量的時(shí)間段內(nèi)返回到聲音發(fā)生器。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂強(qiáng)度（單位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m2, the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按規(guī)定速率撕裂預(yù)裂片材所需的張力除以片材厚度。特別用于塑料、橡膠、織物和彈性體。由于單位不是應(yīng)力單位，而是相當(dāng)于J/m2，韌性單位，“強(qiáng)度”一詞是完全錯(cuò)誤的。 |
| Bearing strength | 承載強(qiáng)度 |
The maximum bearing stress that a material is capable of sustaining. 材料能夠承受的最大承載應(yīng)力。 |
| Major diameter | 螺紋大徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋頂部或內(nèi)螺紋根部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Lathe | 車床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一種機(jī)床，其中夾持在主軸箱中的工件靠著切削工具旋轉(zhuǎn)，以生產(chǎn)車削、鉆孔、端面或螺紋部件。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的熱廢氣用于驅(qū)動(dòng)渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機(jī)提供動(dòng)力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機(jī)組合。壓縮機(jī)通常為徑向流出設(shè)計(jì)，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機(jī)都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進(jìn)入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產(chǎn)生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Remaining stress | 殘留應(yīng)力 |
The stress remaining at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. See also stress relaxation. 在應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)期間在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)剩余的應(yīng)力。參見(jiàn)壓力松弛。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔熱（絕緣） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一種材料，可以是低導(dǎo)電性固體，或多孔固體或織物，其中存在含有空氣或其他氣體的空隙，從而導(dǎo)致整體低導(dǎo)熱性。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于熱或冷物體的表面時(shí)，表面?zhèn)鳠嵬ǔp少。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷擠壓 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用簡(jiǎn)單的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)，冷擠壓可以定義為迫使未加熱的金屬流過(guò)成形模具。這是一種通過(guò)在室溫下壓縮使金屬塑性變形來(lái)成形金屬的方法，同時(shí)金屬處于由工具形成的模腔中。金屬至少在一個(gè)方向上從模具中流出，并具有所需的橫截面輪廓，這是由工具產(chǎn)生的孔口所允許的。冷擠壓總是在遠(yuǎn)低于金屬再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下進(jìn)行（鋼約1100至1300華氏度），因此總是發(fā)生加工硬化。在熱擠壓中，再結(jié)晶消除了加工硬化的影響，除非擠壓的快速冷卻阻止再結(jié)晶完成。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼頸圓頭方頸螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一種普通的圓形橢圓頭螺栓，有兩個(gè)相對(duì)的翼片以防止旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Tyre | 輪胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 車輪罩安裝在輪輞上的柔性環(huán)形罩，用于支撐車輛（如機(jī)動(dòng)車、飛機(jī)或自行車）的重量，并將動(dòng)力和扭矩傳遞到路面。有些充氣輪胎是直接充氣的，有些輪胎有單獨(dú)的內(nèi)胎充氣。對(duì)于某些應(yīng)用，使用實(shí)心輪胎。 |
| Lead of thread | 螺紋導(dǎo)程 |
On a single threaded screw, the distance the screw or nut advances in one complete revolution. 在單螺紋螺釘上，螺釘或螺母在一整圈中前進(jìn)的距離。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉(zhuǎn)變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過(guò)缺口試樣的試驗(yàn)確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結(jié)晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時(shí)用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉(zhuǎn)變點(diǎn)）1.具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬合金的斷裂機(jī)制從韌性孔洞生長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化鏡硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 與落在被測(cè)材料上的菱形錘的回彈高度相關(guān)的數(shù)字。通過(guò)將錘子從淬火（達(dá)到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具鋼試塊上的平均回彈分為100個(gè)單位來(lái)測(cè)量。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過(guò)火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Diffusion coating | 擴(kuò)散涂層 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金屬上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂層。涂層是通過(guò)在高溫下加熱與粉末、液體或氣體形式的合金接觸的金屬，從而使涂層的原子擴(kuò)散到基體中而產(chǎn)生的。實(shí)例包括基底上的鉻、鋁或硅，如鎳基高溫合金、鋼和耐火金屬。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 終端溫差（單位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 熱交換器入口或出口處兩種流體流之間的溫差。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）連接在渦輪機(jī)或壓縮機(jī)軸上的圓盤(pán)，在其一側(cè)施加高壓或低壓，以抵消機(jī)器壓力變化產(chǎn)生的軸向推力。推力軸承的一種形式。 |
| Spring | 彈簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 儲(chǔ)存機(jī)械能并在變形時(shí)施加力的彈性部件。作用力F與彈簧x偏轉(zhuǎn)的曲線斜率dF/dx稱為彈簧率或彈簧模量k，單位為N/m。對(duì)于線性彈簧，F(xiàn)（x）曲線成比例，k稱為彈簧常數(shù)。一種彈性裝置，在應(yīng)力或壓力下屈服，但在應(yīng)力和壓力消除后恢復(fù)到其原始狀態(tài)或位置。 |
| Austenite | 奧氏體 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. Solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-Fe. It is named after British metallurgist W. C. Roberts-Austen. 一種或多種元素在面心立方鐵中的固溶體。除非另有說(shuō)明（如鎳奧氏體），溶質(zhì)通常假定為碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-Fe中的固溶體。它以英國(guó)冶金學(xué)家WCRoberts-Austen的名字命名。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Fatigue notch factor (Kf) | 疲勞缺口系數(shù)（Kf） |
The ratio of the fatigue strength of an unnotched specimen to the fatigue strength of a notched specimen of the same material and condition; both strengths are determined at the same number of stress cycles. 無(wú)缺口試樣的疲勞強(qiáng)度與相同材料和條件的有缺口試樣的疲勞強(qiáng)度之比；兩種強(qiáng)度都是在相同數(shù)量的應(yīng)力循環(huán)下確定的。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一種用于在孔中切割螺紋的螺紋硬金屬塞。它具有縱向凹槽，用于在切割時(shí)清除切屑。漸進(jìn)式切割通過(guò)連續(xù)使用三個(gè)絲錐實(shí)現(xiàn)：錐度、二次和塞。第一和第二絲錐具有錐度，以幫助沿孔的軸線開(kāi)始螺紋；塞式絲錐沒(méi)有錐度，用于盲孔的最終切割。2.管道中或管道末端的閥門(mén)。 |
| Dead load (Unit N) | 靜載（單位N） |
A load on a component or structure that is steady with time, e.g. the self-weight of a bridge. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)上隨時(shí)間穩(wěn)定的載荷，例如橋梁的自重。 |
| Angle of thread | 螺紋角度 |
The included angle between the sides forming the groove of the screw thread. 形成螺紋凹槽的邊之間的夾角。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂紋尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 從基準(zhǔn)面到觀察到的裂紋前沿的距離。該距離可以表示沿裂紋前沿的若干測(cè)量的平均值?；鶞?zhǔn)面取決于試樣形狀，通常視為邊界或包含試樣或板的載重線或中心線的平面。 |
| Depth gauge | 深度計(jì) |
1. A precision instrument, typically consisting of a machine-divided steel rule passing through a hardened-steel cross head, used to measure the depths of slots, holes, shoulders, projections, etc. 2. A device used by divers to indicate the water depth. 1. 一種精密儀器，通常由穿過(guò)硬化鋼十字頭的機(jī)器分割鋼尺組成，用于測(cè)量槽、孔、肩部、突起等的深度。 2. 潛水員用來(lái)指示深度的裝置水深。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺桿位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 剛體繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，同時(shí)剛體沿同一軸平移。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容積式壓縮機(jī) |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何類型的壓縮機(jī)，包括活塞式和旋轉(zhuǎn)螺桿式，在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)以高壓輸送固定體積的氣體。容積泵每單位時(shí)間輸送固定體積的流體，通常為液體。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數(shù)（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數(shù)物質(zhì)給定質(zhì)量m中的摩爾數(shù)，等于m除以物質(zhì)的摩爾質(zhì)量。 |
| Air conditioning | 空調(diào) |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房間、建筑物、飛機(jī)、客運(yùn)車輛等的溫度和濕度的過(guò)程。更一般地說(shuō)，它包括控制灰塵、輻射熱水平等。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一種非SI壓力單位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的壓力。大約等于9.81Pa。 |
| Absolute humidity | 絕對(duì)濕度 |
The weight of water vapor in a gadwater vapor mixture per unit volume of space occupied, expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. 單位體積空間占用的水蒸氣混合物中水蒸氣的重量，例如，以谷物或磅/立方英尺表示。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機(jī)械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進(jìn)一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導(dǎo)致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優(yōu)異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Spray quenching | 噴霧淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用噴嘴將水或其他液體噴射到零件上的淬火過(guò)程。淬火速率由每單位撞擊時(shí)間內(nèi)每單位面積的液體速度和體積控制。 |
| Ratchet marks | 棘輪痕 |
Lines on a fatigue fracture surface that result from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. 疲勞斷裂面上由從多個(gè)源頭傳播的疲勞斷裂的交叉和連接產(chǎn)生的線。棘輪標(biāo)記與裂紋擴(kuò)展的整個(gè)方向平行，肉眼或低倍鏡下均可看到。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨機(jī) |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一種用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨機(jī)，由裝有松散鋼球或陶瓷球的水平旋轉(zhuǎn)滾筒組成。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 壓力系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)所依據(jù)的壓力和應(yīng)設(shè)置安全閥的最高壓力。系統(tǒng)中最低額定部件的設(shè)計(jì)安全系數(shù)通常為4。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 鐵素體不銹鋼 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 鐵素體不銹鋼具有鐵素體（BCC）晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，含有10-28%的鉻，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均為重量%）。它們具有磁性，可通過(guò)冷加工硬化。它們具有良好至中等的機(jī)械性能，在高溫下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蝕性，在400至540°C的溫度下易脆化。用于渦輪零件、高溫閥、汽車排氣部件和核反應(yīng)堆堆芯部件。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常會(huì)突然斷裂，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生永久變形。脆性材料的例子有一些鑄鐵、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸時(shí)僅超過(guò)其屈服點(diǎn)一小部分就會(huì)斷裂，則稱其為脆性螺栓。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金屬元素和合金的原子、晶體學(xué)、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械和物理特性及其應(yīng)用。 |
| Gas compressor | 氣體壓縮機(jī) |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一種在低壓下吸入氣體并在高壓下輸送氣體的機(jī)器，通常伴隨著溫度升高。壓縮機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)包括軸流式、離心式、隔膜式、往復(fù)式和旋轉(zhuǎn)式（包括葉片式壓縮機(jī)）。 |
| Significance level | 顯著性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 當(dāng)假設(shè)為真時(shí)，給定的顯著性檢驗(yàn)將拒絕特定效應(yīng)不存在的假設(shè)的所述概率（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切應(yīng)變 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角變化的切線，作為對(duì)力的響應(yīng)，在兩條原本通過(guò)物體中的一個(gè)點(diǎn)相互垂直的線之間。也稱為剪切應(yīng)變。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（單位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身體或結(jié)構(gòu)的末端之間測(cè)量的尺寸，如機(jī)翼尖端或橋梁支架之間。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為在正常條件下運(yùn)行的應(yīng)力。 |
| Compression crease | 壓縮折痕 |
A crease formed during the compression of composites having a high volume fraction of filaments. These composites fail in compression by forming a crease at an angle to the loading axis. 在壓縮具有高體積分?jǐn)?shù)長(zhǎng)絲的復(fù)合材料期間形成的折痕。這些復(fù)合材料通過(guò)形成與加載軸成一定角度的折痕而在壓縮中失效。 |
| Normality | 常態(tài) |
The principle that the vector sum of plastic strain increments is perpendicular to the yield surface. 塑性應(yīng)變?cè)隽渴噶亢痛怪庇谇娴脑怼?/td> |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經(jīng)淬火產(chǎn)生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時(shí)產(chǎn)生細(xì)小沉淀的過(guò)程，這抑制了位錯(cuò)運(yùn)動(dòng)，扭轉(zhuǎn)了在較高回火溫度下強(qiáng)度降低的趨勢(shì)。 |
| Thermal compressor | 熱壓縮機(jī) |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（熱壓縮機(jī)）用于提升低壓廢蒸汽或排氣壓力的噴射壓縮機(jī)。2.一種由吸收器、發(fā)電機(jī)、泵和節(jié)流裝置組成的裝置，用于替代吸收冷卻制冷系統(tǒng)中的機(jī)械蒸汽壓縮機(jī)。 |
| Fatigue life for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞壽命 |
An estimate of the fatigue life that p% of the population would attain or exceed at a given stress level. The observed value of the median fatigue life estimates the fatigue life for 50% survival. Fatigue life for p% survival values, where p is any number, such as 95, 90, etc., may also be estimated from the individual fatigue life values. p%存活在給定應(yīng)力水平下達(dá)到或超過(guò)的疲勞壽命估計(jì)值。中值疲勞壽命的觀察值估計(jì)了50%存活率的疲勞壽命。p%存活值的疲勞壽命，其中p為任何數(shù)字，如95、90等，也可根據(jù)單個(gè)疲勞壽命值進(jìn)行估算。 |
| Pulse | 脈沖 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或減少，如壓力、電壓或力，與過(guò)程中的其他時(shí)間尺度相比，時(shí)間尺度較短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強(qiáng)度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時(shí)刻外層纖維的最大應(yīng)力。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Overaging | 過(guò)時(shí)效 |
Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. 在時(shí)間和溫度條件下的時(shí)效大于獲得某一特性最大變化所需的時(shí)間和溫度，從而使該特性沿初始值的方向發(fā)生變化。 |
| Proof strength? (Unit Pa) | 驗(yàn)證強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2?or Rp0.2?is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （驗(yàn)證應(yīng)力，Rp）在永久應(yīng)變的某個(gè)固定值下的屈服強(qiáng)度（偏移屈服強(qiáng)度），由偏離但平行于彈性加載線的線與工程應(yīng)力-工程應(yīng)變曲線的交點(diǎn)給出。偏移是任意的，但通常為0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久應(yīng)變（驗(yàn)證應(yīng)變）。用于沒(méi)有明確定義屈服點(diǎn)的材料。對(duì)于0.2%的驗(yàn)證應(yīng)力，采用符號(hào)Rp0.2。 |
| Compression spring | 壓縮彈簧 |
A spring that resists compression forces, usually in the form of a helix with separated coils (giving a linear axial stiffness) or a cone with separated coils (giving a non-linear axial stiffness). 一種抵抗壓縮力的彈簧，通常采用帶有分離線圈的螺旋形式（提供線性軸向剛度）或帶有分離線圈的錐形（提供非線性軸向剛度）。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料條件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金屬條件）制造部件的體積對(duì)應(yīng)于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有內(nèi)部尺寸的下限的情況。 |
| Spring clip | 彈簧夾 |
A clip made of a material such as spring steel which grips an inserted part. 由彈簧鋼等材料制成的夾子，用于夾住插入的零件。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動(dòng)到松動(dòng)運(yùn)行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| Gasket factors | 墊片系數(shù) |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的“常數(shù)”用于定義墊圈的行為或可接受行為所需的組件和使用條件。 |
| Junker machine | 容克機(jī) |
A test machine, first proposed by Gerhard Junker, for testing the vibration resistance of fasteners. 由Gerhard Junker首次提出的測(cè)試機(jī)，用于測(cè)試緊固件的抗振性。 |
| Hot-wire analyzer | 熱電阻絲型分析儀 |
An electrical atmosphere analysis device that is based on the fact that the electrical resistivity of steel is a linear function of carbon content over a range from 0.05% C to saturation. The device measures the carbon potential of furnace atmospheres (typically). This term is not to be confused with the hot-wire test which measures heat extraction rates. 一種基于以下事實(shí)的電氣氛分析設(shè)備：鋼的電阻率是從0.05%C到飽和范圍內(nèi)的碳含量的線性函數(shù)。該設(shè)備測(cè)量爐內(nèi)氣氛的碳勢(shì)（通常）。不要將此術(shù)語(yǔ)與測(cè)量熱提取率的熱線測(cè)試相混淆。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應(yīng)力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應(yīng)力之間的代數(shù)差，等于系統(tǒng)中最大剪應(yīng)力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Vibrometer | 測(cè)振儀 |
A device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一種用于測(cè)量振動(dòng)表面運(yùn)動(dòng)的裝置，通常使用非接觸激光技術(shù)。 |
| Monotron hardness test | 摩諾硬度試驗(yàn) |
An obsolete method of determining indentation hardnessby measuring the load required to force a spherical penetrator into a metal to a specified depth. 一種已被淘汰的方法，通過(guò)測(cè)量將球形侵徹體壓入金屬至規(guī)定深度所需的載荷來(lái)確定壓痕硬度。 |
| Microhardness | 顯微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通過(guò)在非常輕的載荷下將壓頭（如維氏或努氏壓頭）壓入材料表面來(lái)確定的材料硬度；通常壓痕很小，必須用顯微鏡測(cè)量。能夠確定結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)不同微組分的硬度，或測(cè)量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| Valve | 閥門(mén) |
Any of various manual or automatic devices that are able to initiate, regulate, or stop the flow of a fluid through a conduit or from a closed container. 任何一種手動(dòng)或自動(dòng)裝置，能夠啟動(dòng)、調(diào)節(jié)或停止通過(guò)導(dǎo)管或封閉容器的流體流動(dòng)。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回轉(zhuǎn)泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一種自吸泵，通常是手動(dòng)的，適用于泵送水和輕油，如柴油和汽油。液體通過(guò)翻板閥吸入泵的一側(cè)，同時(shí)在一個(gè)沖程中從另一側(cè)排出。在每個(gè)連續(xù)沖程上，順序顛倒。 |
| Permanent set | 永久變形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 釋放荷載后，先前受力物體中剩余的變形或應(yīng)變。 |
| Nominal stress | 名義應(yīng)力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單彈性理論在凈截面上計(jì)算的點(diǎn)處的應(yīng)力，不考慮孔、槽、圓角等應(yīng)力提升器產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力影響。 |
| Autonomous energy system | 自主能源系統(tǒng) |
(stand-alone energy system) A sole source of electricity, usually small-scale, for applications remote from a grid, especially with energy storage in the system. Hydroelectric, photovoltaic, wind-power and other renewable systems are well suited to stand-alone applications. （獨(dú)立能源系統(tǒng)）一種唯一的電力來(lái)源，通常是小規(guī)模的，用于遠(yuǎn)離電網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用，尤其是系統(tǒng)中的能量存儲(chǔ)。水電、光伏、風(fēng)力和其他可再生能源系統(tǒng)非常適合獨(dú)立應(yīng)用。 |
| Time quenching | 時(shí)間淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的術(shù)語(yǔ)，其中被淬火零件的冷卻速率必須在冷卻循環(huán)的某個(gè)時(shí)間突然改變。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 貝氏體硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化處理主要導(dǎo)致貝氏體的形成。 |
| Elastic energy | 彈性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其彈性行為范圍內(nèi)變形所需的能量，忽略因內(nèi)耗引起的小熱損失。試樣在被測(cè)標(biāo)距內(nèi)每單位體積材料吸收的能量。它是通過(guò)測(cè)量應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線下達(dá)到規(guī)定彈性應(yīng)變的面積來(lái)確定的。另見(jiàn)彈性模量和應(yīng)變能。 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機(jī) |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無(wú)油雙作用旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機(jī)，其中連接到旋轉(zhuǎn)外殼內(nèi)表面的傾斜葉片穿過(guò)圓盤(pán)上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，但偏離外殼?？諝馔ㄟ^(guò)殼體中的孔進(jìn)入，并通過(guò)殼體的端口離開(kāi)。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 風(fēng)壓（單位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 與風(fēng)相關(guān)的動(dòng)態(tài)壓力。風(fēng)的靜壓是大氣壓。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 與規(guī)范不同的部分公差。在大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)中，使用自動(dòng)機(jī)器時(shí)，零件應(yīng)完全或部分可互換，在批量生產(chǎn)中，零件應(yīng)理想匹配，無(wú)需選擇。在實(shí)踐中，由于刀具磨損、原材料變化、熱效應(yīng)等原因，批量生產(chǎn)的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，將精度偏差（稱為公差）指定給基本尺寸上允許的尺寸。 |
| Acoustic separation | 聲學(xué)分離 |
?(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （單位m）使用駐聲波（通常是超聲波）將流體中的粒子分離，以將它們驅(qū)動(dòng)到節(jié)點(diǎn)（聲學(xué)粒子濃度）。 |
| Structural analysis | 結(jié)構(gòu)分析 |
The determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 確定給定結(jié)構(gòu)中的力、位移、應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。 |
| Preload | 預(yù)載 |
The tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. Often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with Working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次擰緊螺母時(shí)螺紋緊固件中產(chǎn)生的張力。經(jīng)常與工作載荷或螺栓力或螺栓張力互換使用但容易使用不當(dāng)。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 變形（單位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于壓力、熱變化、水分變化或其他原因?qū)е碌纳眢w形態(tài)變化。在固體力學(xué)中，由外部或內(nèi)部載荷引起的身體各部分或整個(gè)身體的形狀或大小的任何可逆（彈性）或永久（塑性）變化。它包括拉伸、壓縮、彎曲和扭曲。物體中相同的變形狀態(tài)可以表現(xiàn)為伸長(zhǎng)和剪切的不同組合。為了說(shuō)明總應(yīng)變中有多少是剪切，將其分為膨脹分量和偏差分量，前者改變體積但不改變形狀，后者改變形狀但不改變體積。 |
| Fit | 裝配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用術(shù)語(yǔ)，用于表示配合零件設(shè)計(jì)中公差和公差的特定組合可能導(dǎo)致的緊密性范圍。 |
| Turbomachine | 渦輪機(jī)械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力機(jī)器）在連續(xù)的流體流和繞固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的部件（稱為轉(zhuǎn)子）之間進(jìn)行能量傳遞的機(jī)器。風(fēng)扇和渦輪機(jī)（燃?xì)狻⒁簤?、蒸汽或風(fēng)力）是渦輪機(jī)械，其中能量傳遞到轉(zhuǎn)子，使其旋轉(zhuǎn)。泵和壓縮機(jī)是渦輪機(jī)械，其中能量從外部驅(qū)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)子傳遞到流體。 |
| Offset yield strength | 條件屈服強(qiáng)度 |
The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area. 應(yīng)變超過(guò)應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線初始比例部分延伸規(guī)定量（偏移）的應(yīng)力。以每單位面積的力表示。 |
| Double-shear test | 雙剪試驗(yàn) |
A shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一種剪切試驗(yàn)，具有兩個(gè)固定的剪切刀片和一個(gè)移動(dòng)的刀片，并使用實(shí)心圓棒作為試樣。 |
| Densimeter | 密度計(jì) |
An instrument used to determine the density or relative density of a solid or liquid. 用于測(cè)定固體或液體的密度或相對(duì)密度的儀器。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 壓力貯存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （壓力容器）密閉容器：在大氣壓以上的壓力下儲(chǔ)存氣體或揮發(fā)性液體，如液化氣體的密閉容器。此類貯存器通常為圓柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Machine tool | 機(jī)床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一種動(dòng)力機(jī)器，如鉆孔機(jī)、磨床、車床、銑床或刨床，用于切割和成形金屬、塑料、復(fù)合材料等（機(jī)加工）。加工中心是圍繞多個(gè)軸工作的CNC機(jī)床，具有刀具庫(kù)存和自動(dòng)換刀能力，能夠在自動(dòng)化控制下進(jìn)行各種加工操作。 |
| True strain | 真應(yīng)變 |
?(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）給定載荷增量導(dǎo)致的尺寸變化與施加載荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受軸向力的物體中，觀察時(shí)刻標(biāo)距與原始標(biāo)距之比的自然對(duì)數(shù)。也稱為自然應(yīng)變。與工程應(yīng)變相比。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一組數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)中分散度的統(tǒng)計(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)。如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差很小，則大多數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)“幾乎相等”大的偏差意味著更少的一致性。觀測(cè)值或結(jié)果離散度的最常用度量，表示為方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的數(shù)據(jù)分布。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM編號(hào)，反映了油的氧化和成泥趨勢(shì)。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度計(jì)硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料壓痕硬度的測(cè)量。它是彈簧加載的鋼壓頭超出壓力腳伸入材料的程度。 |
| Preload relaxation | 預(yù)載松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓頭下的軸承應(yīng)力過(guò)大（由局部斑點(diǎn)高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母軸承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能會(huì)在首次向螺栓施加預(yù)載荷后導(dǎo)致預(yù)載荷松弛。 |
| International System of Units | 國(guó)際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國(guó)際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國(guó)除外，在科學(xué)和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位制。SI的最終參考是國(guó)際度量衡局出版的小冊(cè)子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊(cè)子。有七個(gè)基本單位：米（符號(hào)m）表示長(zhǎng)度；質(zhì)量為千克（kg）；物質(zhì)量的摩爾（mol）；時(shí)間為秒；開(kāi)爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發(fā)光強(qiáng)度。新的國(guó)際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數(shù)（也稱為基本物理常數(shù)：阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)、玻爾茲曼常數(shù)和普朗克常數(shù)）。這些常數(shù)的值也進(jìn)行了少量調(diào)整。除了基本單位外，還有22個(gè)相干導(dǎo)出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺紋 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺紋上相應(yīng)點(diǎn)之間的間距相對(duì)較大的螺紋。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 產(chǎn)生過(guò)大奧氏體晶粒的熱處理。 |
| Steady pin | 定位銷 |
A dowel, key, or pin that prevents a pulley from turning on its shaft. 防止滑輪在其軸上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的銷釘、鍵或銷。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 聲壓（單位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 聲波傳播引起的壓力與環(huán)境壓力的瞬時(shí)偏差，可通過(guò)空氣中的麥克風(fēng)和水中的水聽(tīng)器測(cè)量。 |
| Zirconia-toughened alumina composites | 氧化鋯增韌氧化鋁復(fù)合材料 |
(ZTA composites) Ceramic composites based on aluminium oxide to which zirconium oxide is added, resulting in improved fracture toughness. （ZTA復(fù)合材料）基于氧化鋁的陶瓷復(fù)合材料，其中添加了氧化鋯，從而提高了斷裂韌性。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛頓內(nèi)摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 兩個(gè)平行流體層之間的剪切應(yīng)力與其中一層相對(duì)于另一層的速度成正比，與它們之間的距離成反比。比例常數(shù)是動(dòng)態(tài)粘度μ。對(duì)于牛頓流體，μ與壓力梯度、剪切應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變無(wú)關(guān)，但可能隨溫度和壓力而變化。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時(shí)間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應(yīng)力。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內(nèi)脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘?shù)念^部。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面處理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保護(hù)表面免受腐蝕和磨損或改變其機(jī)械性能的工藝，包括化學(xué)、電化學(xué)、機(jī)械和熱處理。 |
| Springback | 回彈 |
The extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金屬在經(jīng)歷成形操作后趨于恢復(fù)其原始形狀或輪廓的程度。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一種標(biāo)度因子，通常用符號(hào)K表示，在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中用于描述已知尺寸和形狀的裂紋尖端施加應(yīng)力的增強(qiáng)。在任何含有裂紋的結(jié)構(gòu)中，裂紋快速擴(kuò)展開(kāi)始時(shí)，該因子稱為臨界應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子，或斷裂韌性。 |
| Oldham coupling | 十字聯(lián)軸節(jié) |
(double-slider coupling) A device for connecting a pair of misaligned parallel shafts, on the end of each of which are flanges having diametral tenons (tongues) that engage with matching slots spaced at 90° in an intermediate disc. As the coupling rotates, the disc compensates for shaft offset by sliding along each tenon in turn. Low-friction surfaces are requisite and the disc is often made of a polymer. An alternative arrangement has the slots in the flanges and the tenons on the disc. （雙滑塊聯(lián)軸器）一種連接一對(duì)未對(duì)準(zhǔn)平行軸的裝置，在每個(gè)平行軸的端部有法蘭，法蘭具有直徑榫（舌），與中間盤(pán)中間隔90°的匹配槽接合。當(dāng)聯(lián)軸器旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，圓盤(pán)通過(guò)依次沿每個(gè)榫頭滑動(dòng)來(lái)補(bǔ)償軸偏移。低摩擦表面是必需的，閥盤(pán)通常由聚合物制成。另一種布置方式是法蘭上的槽和閥盤(pán)上的榫頭。 |
| Creep modulus (Unit Pa) | 蠕變模量（單位Pa） |
The ratio of stress/strain at a chosen strain level obtained from creep tests, often plotted against time to show changes in stiffness. 從蠕變測(cè)試中獲得的選定應(yīng)變水平下的應(yīng)力/應(yīng)變比，通常隨時(shí)間繪制以顯示剛度的變化。 |
| Compression | 壓縮 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加載，其主要作用是擠壓和縮短部件或試件。2.壓力增加導(dǎo)致物質(zhì)體積減少和密度增加。 |
| Octane number | 辛烷值 |
(octane rating) A measure of the anti-knock properties of a fuel taken as the percentage by volume of iso-octane in the fuel. （辛烷值）以燃料中異辛烷的體積百分比表示的燃料抗爆性能的量度。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合強(qiáng)度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接頭的強(qiáng)度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接頭的平面）或剪切測(cè)量 |
| Breaks | 斷裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超過(guò)屈服點(diǎn)的老化材料中出現(xiàn)折痕或隆起。根據(jù)斷裂的起源，它可能被稱為交叉斷裂、線圈斷裂、邊緣斷裂或貼紙斷裂。 |
| Widmanst?tten structure | 魏氏組織 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)，其特征是沿母體固溶體的某些晶體學(xué)平面形成新相而形成的幾何圖案。新相中晶格的取向在晶體學(xué)上與母相中晶格的定向相關(guān)。通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)臒崽幚恚谠S多合金中容易產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 風(fēng)冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一種熱交換器，其中冷卻介質(zhì)為空氣，用于冷凝蒸汽輪機(jī)排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回鍋爐。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭軸振動(dòng) |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋轉(zhuǎn)不平衡軸的快速來(lái)回角扭轉(zhuǎn)，在臨界轉(zhuǎn)速下達(dá)到最大值。軸偏心、質(zhì)量分布不平衡、振蕩扭矩、未對(duì)準(zhǔn)等都會(huì)影響扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)。 |
| SI system | SI國(guó)際單位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的縮寫(xiě)，即國(guó)際單位計(jì)量系統(tǒng)——一種基于舊公制的國(guó)際公認(rèn)計(jì)量單位系統(tǒng)。 |
| Torque wrench | 扭矩扳手 |
A manual wrench which incorporates a gage or measuring apparatus of some sort to measure and display the amount of torque being delivered to the nut or bolt. All wrenches produce torque. Only a torque wrench tells how much torque. A socket wrench or ring spanner that can be set to allow a specific torque to be applied to a nut or bolt head. 一種手動(dòng)扳手，包括某種量規(guī)或測(cè)量裝置，用于測(cè)量和顯示傳遞至螺母或螺栓的扭矩量。所有扳手都產(chǎn)生扭矩。只有扭矩扳手才能顯示扭矩大小。一種套筒扳手或梅花扳手，可設(shè)置為允許對(duì)螺母或螺栓頭施加特定扭矩。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 連續(xù)沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanst?tten structure. 來(lái)自過(guò)飽和固溶體的沉淀，其中沉淀顆粒通過(guò)長(zhǎng)程擴(kuò)散生長(zhǎng)而無(wú)需基質(zhì)再結(jié)晶。連續(xù)析出物從在整個(gè)基體中或多或少均勻分布的核生長(zhǎng)而來(lái)。它們通常是隨機(jī)取向的，但可能形成魏氏結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一種線纜，由具有螺旋扭曲的單獨(dú)的線股形成。 |
| Sharp-notch strength | 銳缺口強(qiáng)度 |
The notch tensile strength measured using specimens with very small notch root radii (approaching the limit for machining capability); values of sharp-notch strength usually depend on notch root radius. 使用缺口根部半徑非常?。ń咏庸つ芰O限）的試樣測(cè)量的缺口抗拉強(qiáng)度；銳缺口強(qiáng)度值通常取決于缺口根部半徑。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控變量的實(shí)際值與期望值之間的差值。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加應(yīng)力或釋放殘余應(yīng)力而發(fā)生的與原始尺寸、形狀或輪廓的任何偏差。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質(zhì)工件淬火到適當(dāng)?shù)慕橘|(zhì)中，該介質(zhì)的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質(zhì)中直到其溫度在整個(gè)過(guò)程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經(jīng)常進(jìn)行回火。（2） 當(dāng)該工藝應(yīng)用于滲碳材料時(shí)，控制Ms溫度與實(shí)際情況相同。這個(gè)過(guò)程的變化經(jīng)常被稱為淬火。 |
| Laser hardening | 激光硬化 |
A surface-hardening process which uses a laser to quickly heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool the surface, leaving a shallow martensitic layer. Hardening of steel by a moving CO2?or Nd:YAG laser beam focussed down to a few mm in diameter. A point in the surface of an object is rapidly heated into the austenite range and then rapidly cooled to form tempered martensite. 一種使用激光快速加熱表面的表面硬化工藝。進(jìn)入零件內(nèi)部的熱傳導(dǎo)將快速冷卻表面，留下淺馬氏體層。通過(guò)移動(dòng)CO2或Nd:YAG激光束使鋼硬化，激光束聚焦至直徑幾毫米。物體表面的一點(diǎn)迅速加熱到奧氏體范圍，然后迅速冷卻，形成回火馬氏體。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 應(yīng)力松弛曲線 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)中剩余應(yīng)力或松弛應(yīng)力隨時(shí)間變化的曲線圖。松弛應(yīng)力等于初始應(yīng)力減去剩余應(yīng)力。也稱為應(yīng)力-時(shí)間曲線。 |
| Breaking stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效時(shí)的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服點(diǎn)延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不連續(xù)屈服期間，從屈服開(kāi)始到應(yīng)變硬化開(kāi)始測(cè)量的應(yīng)變量。 |
| Terminal velocity (Unit m/s) | 終端速度（單位：m/s） |
The velocity reached by an object in free fall through a fluid when the upward drag and buoyancy forces just balance the object’s weight. For an object with a density lower than that of the fluid, the terminal velocity is vertically upwards. 當(dāng)向上的阻力和浮力正好平衡物體的重量時(shí)，物體自由下落通過(guò)流體達(dá)到的速度。對(duì)于密度低于流體密度的物體，終端速度垂直向上。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃?xì)?、蒸汽或水力渦輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一種齒輪扳手，可增加輸入扭矩并提供輸出扭矩讀數(shù)。實(shí)際上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的組合。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 壓差（單位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （壓差，Δp）兩個(gè)壓力之間的差值，其中一個(gè)壓力可以是參考?jí)毫Γ绱髿鈮毫?。在許多流動(dòng)過(guò)程中，壓差比絕對(duì)壓力水平更重要。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點(diǎn)的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Plowing | 犁 |
In tribology, the formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces in relative motion. 在摩擦學(xué)中，通過(guò)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的兩個(gè)表面中較軟的表面的塑性變形形成凹槽。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一種現(xiàn)象，與鐵或鋼加熱（過(guò)熱）時(shí)α鐵向γ鐵的轉(zhuǎn)變有關(guān)，由于轉(zhuǎn)變潛熱的快速吸收導(dǎo)致溫度突然降低，金屬表面變黑。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、材料選擇和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中固溶體在冷卻時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點(diǎn)所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 記錄系統(tǒng)隨時(shí)間變化的振動(dòng)的儀器。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 設(shè)計(jì)荷載（單位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在正常運(yùn)行條件下預(yù)期承受的最大負(fù)載。 |
| Turning | 車削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 車削是一種機(jī)械加工過(guò)程，通常在車床上，通過(guò)刀具對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)工件的作用產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)外表面。在車床中，工件靠著刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)，以生產(chǎn)具有圓形橫截面的部件。 |
| Mass flow rate (?) (Unit kg/s) | 質(zhì)量流量（?）（單位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (?″), with unit kg/s.m2, is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ?″ = ?/A or ?″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 單位時(shí)間內(nèi)流過(guò)表面或通過(guò)管道或其他管道的材料質(zhì)量，通常是流體或粉末。相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量通量（?″），單位為kg/s.m2，是通過(guò)真實(shí)表面或通過(guò)管道的質(zhì)量流量除以表面或橫截面積A，即?″=?/A或?″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在應(yīng)力集中點(diǎn)易發(fā)生脆性斷裂。例如，在缺口拉伸試驗(yàn)中，如果缺口強(qiáng)度小于無(wú)缺口試樣的抗拉強(qiáng)度，則稱材料為缺口脆性材料。否則，稱其為缺口韌性。 |
| Machine | 機(jī)器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在執(zhí)行有用任務(wù)時(shí)傳遞能量的機(jī)制。一個(gè)地方有一臺(tái)以上的連接或執(zhí)行單獨(dú)的功能，稱為機(jī)器。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷載（單位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋轉(zhuǎn)力施加在物體上的載荷分量，如齒輪，傾向于引起或阻止旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Hot dipping | 熱浸 |
(hot-dip galvanizing) A process of coating an iron, steel, or aluminium object with a thin layer of zinc by passing it through a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of about 460°C. （熱浸鍍鋅）通過(guò)使鐵、鋼或鋁物體通過(guò)溫度約為460°C的熔融鋅浴，在鐵、鋼或鋁物體上鍍上一層薄薄的鋅層的工藝。 |
| Profile | 輪廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物體的橫截面形狀，如機(jī)翼或凸輪。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒嚙合齒輪箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by? connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一種齒輪箱，其中提供不同速比的齒輪對(duì)始終嚙合，通過(guò)將相關(guān)齒輪連接或斷開(kāi)驅(qū)動(dòng)軸獲得不同的速比。 |
| Final annealing | 最終退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一個(gè)不精確的術(shù)語(yǔ)，用于表示有色金屬合金在裝運(yùn)前的最后一次退火。 |
| Pascal (Pa) | 帕斯卡（Pa） |
The SI unit of pressure, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. 壓力的國(guó)際單位制，1Pa=1N/m2。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛應(yīng)力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在應(yīng)力松弛試驗(yàn)期間，初始應(yīng)力減去給定時(shí)間的剩余應(yīng)力。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 總能量（單位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 與系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的所有形式能量的總和，包括動(dòng)能、勢(shì)能、內(nèi)能、磁能、化學(xué)能和電能。 |
| PSI (pounds per square inch) | PSI（磅/平方英寸） |
Pressure measurement. Psia (pounds per square inch absolute) measures actual pressure with no allowance for atmospheric pressure. Psig (pounds per square inch gauge) measures pressure with the gauge set to zero (0) at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia). In other words psig = psia – 14.7. 壓力測(cè)量。Psia（絕對(duì)磅/平方英寸）測(cè)量實(shí)際壓力，不考慮大氣壓力。Psig（磅/平方英寸表壓）在大氣壓（14.7 psia）下，將表壓設(shè)置為零（0）時(shí)測(cè)量壓力。換句話說(shuō)，psig=psia–14.7。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過(guò)程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 鹽速計(jì) |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一種體積流量計(jì)，通過(guò)測(cè)量電導(dǎo)率或輻射水平來(lái)檢測(cè)流量中少量鹽或放射性同位素的渡越時(shí)間。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應(yīng)變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導(dǎo)致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應(yīng)變。相應(yīng)的應(yīng)力稱為抗壓強(qiáng)度。這兩個(gè)量都不能是材料常數(shù)，因?yàn)樗鼈儽仨氉袷財(cái)嗔蚜W(xué)定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例極限內(nèi)，材料的延伸與所施加的力成比例。近似地說(shuō)，它是彈性材料拉伸時(shí)應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變之間的關(guān)系。該定律指出，應(yīng)力（單位面積的力）與應(yīng)變（尺寸變化）成比例。該定律僅適用于有限的范圍，由羅伯特·胡克于1676年發(fā)現(xiàn)。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘數(shù)0.01的SI單位前綴；因此厘米是長(zhǎng)度單位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中液體溶液在冷卻時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點(diǎn)表示。（3）由共晶反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| B-basis | B-基礎(chǔ) |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 機(jī)械性能值超過(guò)該值時(shí)，至少90%的值預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)下降，置信度為95%。 |
| Length of engagement | 嚙合長(zhǎng)度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺紋和內(nèi)螺紋具有理論接觸的軸向測(cè)量。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度校準(zhǔn) |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)或分析結(jié)果的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，該表達(dá)式將特定試樣平面幾何形狀的應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子與載荷和裂紋長(zhǎng)度聯(lián)系起來(lái)。也稱為K校準(zhǔn)。 |
| Slot | 狹槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允許熱膨脹，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安裝或滑動(dòng)。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一種環(huán)形合成橡膠環(huán)，位于加工成平面或圓柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Elastic constants | 彈性常數(shù) |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 將材料的彈性位移與施加的力相關(guān)聯(lián)的比例因子。 |
| Working section | 工作區(qū) |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 風(fēng)洞中放置模型進(jìn)行測(cè)試或進(jìn)行詳細(xì)測(cè)量的部分。 |
| Fracture test | 斷裂試驗(yàn) |
A test in which a specimen is broken and its fracture surface is examined with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such factors as composition, grain size, case depth, or internal discontinuities. 1. The recording of load-deflexion (or stress–strain) in a specimen loaded monotonically until it breaks in tension, compression, shear, or torsion. 2. In fatigue, determination of the number of cycles to fracture for a specimen under different patterns of repeated loading. 3. Experiments to determine fracture toughness. 一種試驗(yàn)，其中試樣被破壞并用肉眼或低倍顯微鏡檢查其斷裂表面，以確定成分、晶粒尺寸、表層深度或內(nèi)部不連續(xù)性等因素。1.記錄單調(diào)加載試樣的載荷偏轉(zhuǎn)（或應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變），直到其在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或扭轉(zhuǎn)中斷裂。2.在疲勞技術(shù)中，確定試樣在不同重復(fù)載荷模式下的斷裂循環(huán)次數(shù)。3.測(cè)定斷裂韌性的實(shí)驗(yàn)。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發(fā)生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)品將呈現(xiàn)出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據(jù)熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 應(yīng)用熱力學(xué) |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程熱力學(xué)、熱力學(xué)）熱、功和系統(tǒng)特性之間關(guān)系的科學(xué)，以及燃料中的熱能可以轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源轉(zhuǎn)換的各個(gè)方面的研究，包括發(fā)電、制冷、所涉及物質(zhì)的相關(guān)特性以及它們之間的關(guān)系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本規(guī)律。 |
| Electrode | 電極 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽(yáng)極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個(gè)金屬體。 |
| Actual power | 實(shí)際功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （實(shí)際馬力）（單位W或hp）在隨后通過(guò)變速箱等傳輸之前，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出軸上傳遞的功率。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 熱容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX?where cMIN?is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX?the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 熱交換器分析中出現(xiàn)的無(wú)量綱參數(shù)，定義為比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流體的熱容率c，c值較小，cMAX是流體的值具有較大的c值。不同的流速和比熱值產(chǎn)生不同的c值。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金屬在遠(yuǎn)低于其再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下通過(guò)軋制（冷軋）、拉拔、鍛造（冷鍛）等方式發(fā)生塑性變形，這不僅會(huì)導(dǎo)致永久的形狀變化，還會(huì)增加強(qiáng)度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲勞測(cè)試 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一種確定材料可以承受而不會(huì)失效的交變（波動(dòng)）應(yīng)力范圍的方法。 |
| Turbo generator | 渦輪發(fā)電機(jī) |
(turboset) The combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組）蒸汽或燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)與發(fā)電機(jī)的組合，具有單軸或連接的同軸。 |
| Standard | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范）為實(shí)現(xiàn)一致性、效率和特定質(zhì)量而制定的一套組件、機(jī)器、材料或工藝規(guī)范。在英國(guó)，英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)（BSI）發(fā)布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)在基本上是國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織（ISO）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 開(kāi)爾文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0oC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100oC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10?23?when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m2/(s2K). 國(guó)際單位制中熱力學(xué)溫度的基本單位。開(kāi)爾文溫度標(biāo)度在絕對(duì)零度和與攝氏度大小相同的度間隔（開(kāi)爾文）處有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)。水的冰點(diǎn)為273K（0oC），沸點(diǎn)為373K（100oC）。它先前被定義為水三相點(diǎn)熱力學(xué)溫度的分?jǐn)?shù)1/273.16。從2019年5月20日起，通過(guò)將玻爾茲曼常數(shù)kB的固定數(shù)值取為1.380649×10來(lái)定義?當(dāng)以等于kg·m2/（s2K）的單位J/K表示時(shí)。 |
| Compressible flow | 可壓縮流動(dòng) |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 馬赫數(shù)M高到足以使氣體密度發(fā)生顯著變化的氣流。對(duì)于空氣，這是當(dāng)M>0.3時(shí)。 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一種方形、六角形或其他形狀的金屬緊固件，具有內(nèi)螺紋，可擰在螺栓、螺柱或心軸上。與外螺紋螺栓一起使用的內(nèi)螺紋緊固件。通常為六邊形，但也有許多其他幾何形狀，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夾持工具。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通過(guò)將金屬浸入熱氧化鹽或鹽溶液中產(chǎn)生的黑色飾面。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 熱能（單位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 內(nèi)能的感知和潛在形式。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化劑 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一種引起氧化從而自身被還原的化合物。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭轉(zhuǎn)作用在橫截面上產(chǎn)生的剪切應(yīng)力。 |
| Impact strength | 沖擊強(qiáng)度 |
The resiliency or toughness of a solid as measured by impact energy. 用沖擊能量測(cè)量的固體的彈性或韌性。 |
| Shear | 扭剪 |
The type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. 導(dǎo)致或傾向于導(dǎo)致同一物體的兩個(gè)相鄰部分在平行于其接觸面的方向上相對(duì)滑動(dòng)的力的類型。 |
| Rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度測(cè)試 |
An indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. A direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 N) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 N). There are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校準(zhǔn)機(jī)器進(jìn)行的壓痕硬度測(cè)試，該機(jī)器利用恒定載荷下的壓痕深度作為硬度測(cè)量值。一種基于壓痕深度的直讀硬度測(cè)試，其中在主要載荷（通常為120至1500N）之前施加較小載荷（通常是30至100N）。對(duì)于不同的硬度范圍，使用錐形或球形壓頭有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定條件下，基于指定穿透器穿透試樣深度的壓痕硬度試驗(yàn)。 |
| Seal | 密封件 |
A component which controls or prevents leakage of fluids into or out of parts of a machine. 控制或防止流體流入或流出機(jī)器部件的部件。 |
| Sample standard deviation (s) | 樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差（s） |
The square root of the sample variance. It is a point estimate of the population standard deviation, a measure of the “spread”of the frequency distribution of a population. This value of sprovides a statistic that is used in computing interval estimates and several test statistics. For small sample sizes, s underestimates the population standard deviation. 樣本方差的平方根。它是總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差的點(diǎn)估計(jì)，是總體頻率分布“擴(kuò)散”的度量。SPR的這個(gè)值提供了一個(gè)用于計(jì)算區(qū)間估計(jì)和若干測(cè)試統(tǒng)計(jì)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)量。對(duì)于小樣本，s低估了總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。 |
| Radiosity (J) (Unit W/m2) | 輻射度（J）（單位W/m2） |
The total radiation leaving a given surface per unit area, including emitted, reflected, and transmitted radiation. 每單位面積離開(kāi)給定表面的總輻射，包括發(fā)射、反射和透射輻射。 |
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金屬 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，所有不含鐵的金屬和合金，但通常指鋁基和銅基合金。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過(guò)硬度測(cè)試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規(guī)定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時(shí)間。（單位Pa或，非國(guó)際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過(guò)壓頭測(cè)量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時(shí)是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應(yīng)力的2.5–3倍。 |
| High-tensile bolt | 高強(qiáng)度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) A bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 GPa. （高壓螺栓）由合金鋼制成的螺栓，具有約1GPa的高抗拉強(qiáng)度。 |
| Gasket m-factor | 墊片m系數(shù) |
For a gasketed joint of area A in which the clamping force is F, the factor m is defined by F ≥ mpA where p is the pressure that would separate the two halves of the joint and m > 1. 對(duì)于面積為A且?jiàn)A緊力為F的墊片接頭，系數(shù)m由F≥mpA定義，其中p是分離接頭兩半的壓力，m>1。 |
| Coextrusion | 復(fù)合擠壓 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通過(guò)同一模具同時(shí)擠出兩種或多種材料的組合。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金鋼 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有鉻、鎳、鉬、錳、硅、鎢和釩等合金元素的鋼。添加這些是為了提高與普通碳鋼相比的淬透性、韌性、強(qiáng)度、耐磨性和耐腐蝕性等性能。低合金鋼的總合金含量（包括碳）小于約8%。它們是可硬化的，強(qiáng)度比普通碳鋼高出30%。高合金鋼含有相當(dāng)多的合金含量，并針對(duì)特定性能而開(kāi)發(fā)，例如卓越的耐腐蝕性和耐化學(xué)性。 |
| Uniform strain | 均勻應(yīng)變 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在應(yīng)變局部化（頸縮）開(kāi)始之前發(fā)生的應(yīng)變；拉伸試驗(yàn)中最大載荷的應(yīng)變。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到載荷、表面損傷、化學(xué)侵蝕、加熱、冷卻或輻射時(shí)，可能發(fā)生失效的各種方式，無(wú)論是單獨(dú)還是組合。失效模式包括斷裂、疲勞、蠕變、腐蝕、侵蝕和脆化。 |
| Ballonet | 氣囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合動(dòng)力飛艇中使用的安全氣囊。氦氣在上升過(guò)程中將空氣從氣囊中排出。風(fēng)扇在下降過(guò)程中吸入空氣。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環(huán)中應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子的最大值。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch2 | 英寸磅力/英寸2 |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in2?= 1.751 268 × 102?J/m2. 用于特定斷裂功（斷裂韌性）的非國(guó)際單位制單位。到SI的轉(zhuǎn)換為1英寸。lbf/in2=1.751268×102J/m2。 |
| Compressor blades | 壓縮機(jī)葉片 |
The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor(s) and stator(s) of an axial-flow compressor. The aerodynamic design is more critical than is the case for turbine blades because there is an increase in pressure across each row of blades. The arrows in the diagram indicate the flow direction relative to the blades. 形成軸流式壓縮機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片?？諝鈩?dòng)力學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)比渦輪葉片的情況更為關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)槊颗湃~片的壓力都會(huì)增加。圖中的箭頭表示相對(duì)于葉片的流動(dòng)方向。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸穩(wěn)定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或鑄造時(shí)的精確形狀的能力。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨損 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由兩個(gè)金屬部件之間的滑動(dòng)作用導(dǎo)致的一種磨損，在金屬表面上產(chǎn)生氧化膜。這些氧化膜防止在滑動(dòng)表面之間形成金屬結(jié)合，導(dǎo)致細(xì)磨屑和低磨損率。 |
| Combined carbon | 復(fù)合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中除游離碳外的部分。 |
| Computer vision | 計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué) |
The digitization and processing of optical images/patterns by computer in order to recognize parts, orientation, etc. in manufacturing. 通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)光學(xué)圖像/圖案進(jìn)行數(shù)字化和處理，以在制造過(guò)程中識(shí)別零件、方向等。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個(gè)或多個(gè)在外殼內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋轉(zhuǎn)子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Slip joint | 滑動(dòng)接頭 |
A mechanical connection which allows limited endwise relative movement of two components such as pipes, rods, and ducts. 一種機(jī)械連接，允許兩個(gè)部件（如管道、桿和管道）進(jìn)行有限的軸向相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 熱彈性效應(yīng) |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在絕熱彈性變形下的溫度變化，例如當(dāng)加載速度如此之快，以至于材料與其周圍環(huán)境不處于熱平衡時(shí)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)材料，彈性張力降低溫度，壓縮提高溫度。相反的情況發(fā)生在彈性體中，如橡膠，其表現(xiàn)出熵彈性，因?yàn)槔鞙p少了可能的分子構(gòu)型的數(shù)量，從而降低了熵。熱彈性效應(yīng)在循環(huán)彈性載荷中產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變遲滯回線，是振動(dòng)能量在材料內(nèi)部耗散的一種機(jī)制。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb斷裂準(zhǔn)則 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一種斷裂準(zhǔn)則，主要適用于脆性材料，根據(jù)該準(zhǔn)則，當(dāng)材料中某一點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力落在單軸抗拉強(qiáng)度和單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度的莫爾圓所形成的包絡(luò)線之外時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Wind pump | 風(fēng)泵 |
A pump driven directly by a windmill on a tower. Widely used in remote locations. 由塔上的風(fēng)車直接驅(qū)動(dòng)的泵。廣泛應(yīng)用于偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪應(yīng)力，切向應(yīng)力，τ）（1）當(dāng)金屬晶體中的平行平面彼此滑動(dòng)時(shí)存在的應(yīng)力。（2）與力作用平面相切的應(yīng)力分量。也稱為切向應(yīng)力。1.平行于固體材料內(nèi)任何平面的應(yīng)力。它可能是由于施加在身體上的彎矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.對(duì)應(yīng)于流動(dòng)粘性流體內(nèi)的速度梯度的應(yīng)力。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)或計(jì)算不盡相同時(shí)，它們被稱為分散的。“預(yù)載的大量分散”意味著單個(gè)螺栓中的預(yù)載差異很大。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂紋尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂紋塑性變形的影響，物理裂紋尺寸增大。有時(shí)，根據(jù)物理裂紋尺寸的測(cè)量值加上塑性區(qū)調(diào)整的計(jì)算值來(lái)計(jì)算有效裂紋尺寸。計(jì)算有效裂紋尺寸的首選方法是將載荷-撓度軌跡正割的柔度與試樣類型校準(zhǔn)的彈性柔度進(jìn)行比較。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 凈重（單位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其內(nèi)容物）的毛重與空容器皮重之間的差值。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個(gè)圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環(huán)形邊緣，通過(guò)這些邊緣，可以使用穿過(guò)法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯(lián)軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過(guò)周邊的肘節(jié)夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Age softening | 時(shí)效軟化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些應(yīng)變硬化合金，尤其是鋁合金，在室溫下會(huì)發(fā)生強(qiáng)度和硬度的自發(fā)降低。 |
| Strain hardening | 應(yīng)變硬化 |
An increase in hardness and strengthcaused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening. (workhardening) The increase in stress above the initial yield stress required to deform a metal to greater strains in the plastic range at temperatures below the recrystallization range (cold working). Unloading after some strain or work input gives a harder and stronger material. 在低于再結(jié)晶范圍的溫度下，塑性變形導(dǎo)致硬度和強(qiáng)度的增加。也稱為加工硬化。（加工硬化）在低于再結(jié)晶范圍（冷加工）的溫度下，使金屬在塑性范圍內(nèi)變形至更大應(yīng)變所需的高于初始屈服應(yīng)力的應(yīng)力增加。在一定的應(yīng)變或功輸入后卸載，會(huì)得到更硬、更強(qiáng)的材料。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質(zhì)合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結(jié)劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結(jié)混合物。它們具有高熔點(diǎn)、韌性、抗壓強(qiáng)度和耐磨性。應(yīng)用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于機(jī)床時(shí)，有時(shí)稱為硬金屬。 |
| Combustion deposit | 燃燒沉積物 |
Ash, carbon, and other incombustible solids, often due to impurities in the fuel, that build up on any surfaces exposed to products of combustion. They can lead to corrosion, reduced heat transfer and so higher flue-gas temperatures and reduced efficiency. 灰、碳和其他不燃固體，通常是由于燃料中的雜質(zhì)，在暴露于燃燒產(chǎn)物的任何表面上堆積。它們會(huì)導(dǎo)致腐蝕、傳熱降低，從而導(dǎo)致煙氣溫度升高和效率降低。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合處關(guān)系圖 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 說(shuō)明緊固件和連接件上的力和變形的數(shù)學(xué)圖。 |
| Assembly drawing | 裝配圖紙 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 顯示零件如何組裝以生產(chǎn)組件或整機(jī)的工程圖。它可能包括顯示內(nèi)部特征、對(duì)裝配至關(guān)重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件編號(hào)的部分。 |
| Clamping force | 夾緊力 |
The equal and opposite forces which exist at the interface between two joint members. The clamping force is created by tightening the bolts, but is not always equal to the combined tension in the bolts. Hole interference problems, for example, can create a difference between clamping force and bolt loads. 存在于兩個(gè)連接構(gòu)件之間的界面處的相等和相反的力。夾緊力是通過(guò)擰緊螺栓產(chǎn)生的，但并不總是等于螺栓中的組合張力。例如，孔干涉問(wèn)題可能會(huì)在夾緊力和螺栓載荷之間產(chǎn)生差異。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結(jié) |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過(guò)吸收以犧牲剩余為代價(jià)的晶粒的生長(zhǎng)或以通過(guò)吸收或再沉淀為代價(jià)的以剩余為代價(jià)的相或顆粒的生長(zhǎng)。 |
| Vapour-pressure thermometer | 蒸汽壓力溫度計(jì) |
(vapour-filled thermometer) A type of fluidexpansion thermometer in which the working fluid is a volatile liquid. （蒸汽填充溫度計(jì)）一種流體膨脹溫度計(jì)，其中工作流體為揮發(fā)性液體。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關(guān)節(jié)的可拆卸機(jī)構(gòu)。關(guān)節(jié)的兩個(gè)組件的連接器。1.連接兩個(gè)或多個(gè)軸或機(jī)構(gòu)部件的任何機(jī)械緊固件，以傳遞動(dòng)力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 線性（拉伸或壓縮）應(yīng)變 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始線性尺寸中的力，每單位長(zhǎng)度的變化。長(zhǎng)度的增加被認(rèn)為是正的。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟蹤問(wèn)題 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一種控制問(wèn)題，其中設(shè)定值隨時(shí)間變化，因此設(shè)備輸出必須遵循變化的設(shè)定值。與調(diào)節(jié)器問(wèn)題相反。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt?equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加應(yīng)力的倍增系數(shù)，允許存在結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不連續(xù)區(qū)域的最大應(yīng)力與整個(gè)截面的標(biāo)稱應(yīng)力之比。也稱為理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)。 |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10?5?kg. 1.多晶固體中的單個(gè)晶體。大多數(shù)工程材料，如金屬和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非國(guó)際單位制的質(zhì)量單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| Liquation temperature | 液化溫度 |
The lowest temperature at which partial melting can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of segregation. 偏析程度最高的合金發(fā)生部分熔融的最低溫度。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 臨界冷卻速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的轉(zhuǎn)變所需的連續(xù)冷卻速率。對(duì)于鋼，它是奧氏體必須持續(xù)冷卻以抑制Ms溫度以上的轉(zhuǎn)變的最小速率。 |
| Allotropy | 同素異形體 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多態(tài)性的近義詞。同素異形體通常僅限于描述元素、終端相和合金中的多晶型行為，其行為與主要組成元素的行為非常相似。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規(guī) |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測(cè)量螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Destructive testing | 破壞性測(cè)試 |
Measurement of the mechanical properties of a material, component, or structure, by increased loading until the sample fails by fracture, collapse, or buckling. 通過(guò)增加載荷測(cè)量材料、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的機(jī)械性能，直到樣品因斷裂、塌陷或屈曲而失效。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護(hù)介質(zhì)中退火以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 適用于冷加工低碳鋼或中碳鋼的亞臨界退火處理。與最終退火相比，精加工退火是一種折衷處理，可降低殘余應(yīng)力，從而最大限度地降低加工中的變形風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，同時(shí)保留冷加工對(duì)可加工性的大部分好處。 |
| Spring constant | 彈簧常數(shù) |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在彈簧（或螺栓）上的力與其撓度之間的比率。具有每單位長(zhǎng)度變化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也稱為剛度。 |
| Intense quenching | 強(qiáng)烈淬火 |
Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. 淬火，其中淬火介質(zhì)以比靜水快至少兩倍半的速度冷卻零件。 |
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